﻿J. 
  E. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAR 
  GLACTATION 
  ETC. 
  477 
  

  

  a 
  dispersion 
  of 
  boulder-bearing 
  ice 
  in 
  all 
  directions 
  from 
  local 
  centres, 
  

   especially 
  in 
  tbe 
  case 
  before 
  them 
  from 
  North 
  Scandinavia. 
  He 
  

   always 
  understood 
  that 
  the 
  boulders 
  of 
  N. 
  Germany 
  and 
  W. 
  Russia 
  

   could 
  be 
  traced 
  to 
  that 
  mountain-district, 
  and 
  that 
  there 
  was 
  proof 
  

   that 
  the 
  ice 
  travelled 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  south. 
  Unless, 
  

   therefore, 
  the 
  author 
  showed 
  that 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  boulders 
  could 
  have 
  

   been 
  derived 
  only 
  from 
  circumpolar 
  regions, 
  he 
  could 
  not 
  see 
  the 
  

   necessity 
  of 
  calling 
  in 
  any 
  thing 
  more 
  than 
  changes 
  of 
  level 
  of 
  various 
  

   parts 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  hemisphere 
  along 
  well-known 
  lines 
  of 
  elevation 
  

   and 
  depression 
  to 
  explain 
  all 
  the 
  phenomena 
  observed. 
  He 
  ques- 
  

   tioned 
  the 
  accuracy 
  of 
  the 
  view 
  that 
  glacial 
  conditions 
  prevailed 
  at 
  

   the 
  same 
  time 
  over 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  even 
  one 
  hemisphere, 
  and, 
  referring 
  

   to 
  the 
  observations 
  of 
  Mr. 
  Drew, 
  pointed 
  out 
  that, 
  if 
  the 
  glaciers 
  of 
  

   any 
  mountain-region 
  were 
  shown 
  to 
  have 
  once 
  descended 
  from 
  3000 
  

   to 
  6000 
  feet 
  lower 
  than 
  the 
  present 
  ice-foot, 
  it 
  was 
  only 
  necessary 
  

   to 
  raise 
  that 
  chain 
  from 
  3000 
  to 
  6000 
  feet 
  to 
  make 
  the 
  glaciers 
  

   descend 
  to 
  their 
  ancient 
  level 
  again. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Whitaker 
  thought 
  that 
  the 
  broad 
  points 
  of 
  the 
  paper 
  had 
  

   been 
  lost 
  sight 
  of. 
  The 
  rounded 
  configuration 
  of 
  rocks 
  in 
  Norway 
  

   he 
  regarded 
  as 
  clearly 
  of 
  glacial 
  origin, 
  but 
  as 
  the 
  effect 
  rather 
  of 
  a 
  

   great 
  extension 
  of 
  glaciers 
  than 
  of 
  a 
  true 
  polar 
  ice-cap. 
  In 
  Britain 
  

   the 
  glacial 
  drift 
  towards 
  its 
  southern 
  limit 
  is 
  almost 
  wholly 
  marine, 
  

   and 
  certainly 
  not 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  land-ice 
  ; 
  so 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  di- 
  

   stinctly 
  opposed 
  to 
  the 
  notion 
  of 
  the 
  southern 
  extension 
  of 
  the 
  ice- 
  

   cap. 
  He 
  could 
  not 
  believe 
  in 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  such 
  a 
  cap 
  extend- 
  

   ing 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  equator. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Topley 
  thought 
  that 
  Mr. 
  Campbell's 
  views 
  as 
  to 
  permanent 
  

   areas 
  of 
  glaciation 
  and 
  non-glaciation 
  due 
  to 
  cold 
  and 
  warm 
  cur- 
  

   rents 
  did 
  not 
  suffice 
  to 
  explain 
  the 
  facts 
  ; 
  nor 
  did 
  he 
  think 
  that 
  

   a 
  warm 
  current 
  could 
  have 
  passed 
  over 
  the 
  plains 
  of 
  Russia. 
  He 
  

   remarked 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  drift 
  in 
  the 
  south 
  of 
  Europe, 
  and 
  that 
  a 
  

   line 
  running 
  nearly 
  in 
  the 
  latitude 
  of 
  Dover 
  would 
  mark 
  the 
  southern 
  

   limit 
  of 
  the 
  drift. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Prestwich 
  said 
  that 
  he 
  felt 
  much 
  interested 
  in 
  Mr. 
  Camp- 
  

   bell's 
  paper, 
  and 
  recognized 
  that 
  the 
  difficulty 
  in 
  this 
  case 
  lay 
  in 
  

   determining 
  the 
  boundary 
  between 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  land- 
  and 
  sea-ice. 
  

   He 
  thought 
  that 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  a 
  Gulf-stream 
  traversing 
  eastern 
  

   Europe 
  was 
  not 
  proved. 
  In 
  the 
  eastern, 
  and 
  possibly 
  even 
  in 
  the 
  

   southern, 
  counties 
  of 
  Great 
  Britain 
  there 
  is 
  evidence 
  of 
  submergence 
  

   in 
  glacial 
  times; 
  and 
  marine 
  drifts 
  also 
  exist 
  in 
  Brittany. 
  If 
  northern 
  

   France 
  were 
  submerged, 
  ingress 
  might 
  be 
  afforded 
  to 
  warmer 
  water. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Blanford 
  considered 
  that 
  the 
  difference 
  in 
  the 
  faunas 
  of 
  the 
  

   Black 
  Sea 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  Caspian 
  was 
  so 
  great 
  as 
  to 
  furnish 
  a 
  strong 
  

   objection 
  to 
  there 
  having 
  been 
  a 
  branch 
  of 
  the 
  Gulf-stream 
  passing 
  

   on 
  towards 
  Siberia 
  at 
  so 
  late 
  a 
  geological 
  period, 
  as 
  this 
  must 
  have 
  

   brought 
  about 
  a 
  closer 
  resemblance 
  between 
  the 
  faunas. 
  He 
  ob- 
  

   jected 
  to 
  blocks 
  found 
  at 
  a 
  considerable 
  distance 
  from 
  mountains 
  

   being 
  regarded 
  as 
  true 
  ice-borne 
  boulders 
  unless 
  they 
  were 
  striated 
  

   or 
  polished, 
  seeing 
  that 
  blocks 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  feet 
  in 
  diameter 
  might 
  

   be 
  seen 
  in 
  Persia, 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  carried 
  five 
  miles 
  or 
  more 
  by 
  the 
  

  

  