﻿THE 
  FRUIT-TREE 
  LEAF-ROLLER. 
  99 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  orchard 
  the 
  first 
  pupae 
  were 
  observed 
  on 
  June 
  1 
  and 
  the 
  maxi- 
  

   mum 
  period 
  of 
  pupation 
  was 
  reached 
  from 
  about 
  June 
  12 
  to 
  June 
  20. 
  

   PupaB 
  could, 
  however, 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  field 
  as 
  late 
  as 
  July 
  10. 
  

  

  Just 
  before 
  the 
  emergence 
  of 
  the 
  adult 
  the 
  pupa 
  wriggles 
  out 
  of 
  its 
  

   loosely 
  woven 
  cocoon 
  (PI. 
  XII, 
  fig. 
  4; 
  PI. 
  XVI, 
  fig. 
  2, 
  at 
  right) 
  for 
  a 
  

   short 
  distance. 
  The 
  posterior 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  is 
  provided 
  with 
  three 
  

   pairs 
  of 
  hooks, 
  which 
  are 
  known 
  as 
  the 
  cremaster, 
  and 
  these 
  hooks 
  

   become 
  fastened 
  to 
  silken 
  threads 
  that 
  have 
  been 
  spun 
  by 
  the 
  larva 
  

   on 
  the 
  leaf, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  pupa 
  is 
  held 
  securely, 
  even 
  if 
  the 
  greater 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  is 
  extended. 
  While 
  the 
  writer 
  was 
  examining 
  rear- 
  

   ing 
  cages 
  on 
  July 
  3 
  (8 
  a. 
  m.), 
  a 
  pupa 
  was 
  noticed 
  wriggling 
  out 
  of 
  its 
  

   pupation 
  quarters. 
  

  

  The 
  following 
  observations 
  were 
  made: 
  

  

  8.20 
  a. 
  m. 
  The 
  pupal 
  skin 
  or 
  shell 
  was 
  cracked 
  in 
  the 
  anterior 
  region. 
  

  

  8.25 
  a. 
  m. 
  Moth 
  about 
  half 
  out. 
  

  

  8.30 
  a. 
  m. 
  Moth 
  left 
  the 
  pupal 
  shell, 
  the 
  body 
  being 
  still 
  wet 
  and 
  the 
  wings 
  quite 
  

  

  wrinkled 
  . 
  

   8.35 
  a. 
  m. 
  Body 
  dry 
  and 
  wings 
  straightened 
  out 
  and 
  folded 
  over 
  back. 
  

   8.43 
  a. 
  m. 
  Wings 
  have 
  separated 
  and 
  are 
  held 
  roof-like 
  over 
  the 
  back. 
  

   8.55 
  a. 
  m. 
  Moth 
  crawling 
  about 
  in 
  glass 
  jar 
  quite 
  actively. 
  

   8.58 
  a. 
  in. 
  Observations 
  ceased; 
  moth 
  was 
  fluttering 
  about 
  the 
  cage. 
  

   Total 
  time 
  consumed 
  in 
  emergence, 
  approximately 
  10 
  minutes. 
  

  

  It 
  will 
  be 
  noted 
  that 
  the 
  time 
  required 
  for 
  this 
  moth 
  to 
  emerge 
  

   after 
  the 
  breaking 
  of 
  the 
  pupal 
  skin 
  was 
  about 
  10 
  minutes, 
  and 
  in- 
  

   side 
  of 
  five 
  minutes 
  after 
  emergence 
  its 
  body 
  and 
  wings 
  were 
  dry, 
  

   but 
  the 
  moth 
  did 
  not 
  become 
  active 
  until 
  about 
  20 
  minutes 
  had 
  

   elapsed. 
  

  

  THE 
  ADULT 
  AND 
  EGG 
  STAGES. 
  

  

  From 
  material 
  under 
  observation 
  the 
  first 
  moth 
  emerged 
  on 
  June 
  

  

  7 
  and 
  the 
  latest 
  ones 
  appeared 
  on 
  June 
  24. 
  The 
  maximum 
  emer- 
  

   gence 
  of 
  moths 
  was 
  on 
  June 
  14 
  and 
  15. 
  In 
  the 
  field 
  the 
  period 
  

   during 
  which 
  the 
  greatest 
  number 
  of 
  moths 
  appeared 
  was 
  from 
  about 
  

   June 
  22 
  to 
  July 
  1. 
  The 
  first 
  moth 
  was 
  noticed 
  in 
  the 
  orchard 
  on 
  

   June 
  9, 
  and 
  by 
  July 
  20 
  practically 
  all 
  moths 
  had 
  disappeared. 
  From 
  

   about 
  June 
  25 
  to 
  July 
  10 
  most 
  egg 
  masses 
  were 
  being 
  deposited 
  on 
  

   the 
  trees. 
  The 
  following 
  egg-laying 
  records 
  were 
  obtained 
  in 
  rearing 
  

   cages, 
  and 
  these 
  have 
  a 
  direct 
  bearing 
  on 
  the 
  length 
  of 
  life 
  of 
  the 
  

   moths. 
  

  

  On 
  June 
  21 
  at 
  8 
  a. 
  m. 
  a 
  male 
  and 
  female 
  that 
  had 
  emerged 
  during 
  

   the 
  previous 
  night 
  were 
  placed 
  in 
  a 
  jar 
  in 
  which 
  was 
  put 
  a 
  small 
  twig, 
  

   so 
  thai 
  there 
  would 
  be 
  a 
  suitable 
  place 
  for 
  oviposition. 
  The 
  cage 
  

   was 
  examined 
  on 
  June 
  22 
  and 
  both 
  moths 
  were 
  quite 
  active. 
  On 
  

   June 
  23 
  at 
  5 
  p. 
  m. 
  the 
  male 
  moth 
  was 
  found 
  dead 
  in 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  

   the 
  jar, 
  but 
  the 
  female 
  was 
  actively 
  crawling 
  about 
  in 
  the 
  cage. 
  At 
  

  

  8 
  a, 
  m. 
  the 
  next 
  day 
  (June 
  2 
  I 
  ) 
  a 
  medium-sized 
  egg 
  mass 
  was 
  deposited 
  

   on 
  the 
  twig. 
  The 
  moths 
  were 
  not 
  observed 
  copulating. 
  The 
  eggs 
  

  

  