﻿102 
  DECIDUOUS 
  FRUIT 
  INSECTS 
  AND 
  INSECTICIDES. 
  

  

  trees 
  it 
  was 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  much 
  harder 
  problem 
  to 
  do 
  as 
  effective 
  

   spraying 
  with 
  arsenicals 
  as 
  on 
  Jonathan, 
  Ben 
  Davis, 
  Maiden 
  Blush, 
  

   and 
  other 
  varieties 
  that 
  developed 
  their 
  buds 
  early. 
  If 
  the 
  fruit 
  and 
  

   leaf 
  buds 
  are 
  not 
  much 
  advanced 
  it 
  is 
  very 
  difficult 
  to 
  get 
  the 
  spray 
  

   mixture 
  where 
  the 
  larvae 
  are 
  actually 
  feeding. 
  The 
  period 
  of 
  hatching 
  

   of 
  the 
  eggs 
  may 
  be 
  quite 
  prolonged, 
  depending 
  on 
  climatic 
  conditions. 
  

   During 
  the 
  season 
  of 
  1912, 
  in 
  the 
  orchards, 
  the 
  eggs 
  were 
  hatching 
  

   from 
  April 
  20 
  to 
  May 
  9, 
  making 
  a 
  period 
  of 
  19 
  days. 
  It 
  should, 
  how- 
  

   ever, 
  be 
  noted 
  that 
  weather 
  conditions 
  were 
  exceptionally 
  cool 
  after 
  

   a 
  short 
  warm 
  spell 
  during 
  which 
  the 
  eggs 
  began 
  to 
  hatch. 
  Under 
  more 
  

   favorable 
  conditions 
  all 
  eggs 
  would 
  probably 
  hatch 
  inside 
  of 
  a 
  week 
  

   or 
  ten 
  days. 
  On 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  long 
  hatching 
  period 
  spraying 
  against 
  

   the 
  larvae 
  was 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  very 
  difficult. 
  

  

  NATURAL 
  ENEMIES. 
  

  

  Several 
  species 
  of 
  birds 
  have 
  been 
  observed 
  feeding 
  upon 
  the 
  larvae 
  

   of 
  the 
  fruit-tree 
  leaf-roller. 
  The 
  list 
  is 
  as 
  follows: 
  The 
  bluebird 
  

   (Sialic 
  sialis), 
  western 
  robin 
  (Planesticus 
  migratorius 
  propinquus) 
  , 
  

   catbird 
  (Dumetella 
  carolinensis) 
  , 
  red- 
  winged 
  blackbird 
  (Agelaius 
  

   phceniceus 
  phoeniceus) 
  , 
  orchard 
  oriole 
  (Icterus 
  spurius), 
  kingbird 
  

   (Tyrannus 
  tyrannus), 
  phoebe 
  (Sayornis 
  plioebe) 
  and 
  English 
  sparrow 
  

   (Passer 
  domesticus) 
  . 
  

  

  The 
  writer 
  has 
  reared 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  parasitic 
  insects 
  from 
  the 
  larvae 
  

   and 
  pupae 
  of 
  the 
  leaf 
  -roller, 
  as 
  follows: 
  Pimpla 
  pedalis 
  (Cress.), 
  Ito- 
  

   plectis 
  conquisitor 
  (Say), 
  Epiurus 
  indigator 
  (Walsh), 
  and 
  Meteorus 
  

   archipsidis 
  Vier. 
  ; 
  the 
  .latter 
  is 
  the 
  same 
  species 
  as 
  that 
  reared 
  from 
  

   this 
  host 
  by 
  Mr. 
  R. 
  W. 
  Braucher 
  at 
  Bethany 
  Center, 
  N. 
  Y. 
  The 
  fol- 
  

   lowing 
  Diptera 
  also 
  were 
  reared 
  from 
  this 
  host 
  : 
  Exorista 
  nigripalpis 
  

   Towns., 
  E. 
  pysU 
  Walk., 
  E. 
  blanda 
  O. 
  S., 
  and 
  E. 
  chelonix 
  Rond. 
  

  

  A 
  few 
  insects 
  were 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  predaceous 
  upon 
  the 
  fruit-tree 
  leaf- 
  

   roller. 
  Calosoma 
  scrutator 
  was 
  taken 
  feeding 
  on 
  the 
  larvae 
  and 
  

   Notaxus 
  monodon 
  Fabr. 
  was 
  collected 
  at 
  two 
  different 
  times 
  feeding 
  

   on 
  the 
  pupae 
  in 
  rolled-up 
  leaves. 
  Formica 
  montanus 
  Emery 
  has 
  also 
  

   been 
  seen 
  attacking 
  the 
  larvae 
  and 
  pupae. 
  

  

  A 
  small 
  mite, 
  which 
  Mr. 
  Nathan 
  Banks 
  considers 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  new 
  spe- 
  

   cies 
  of 
  Erythraeus, 
  was 
  found 
  feeding 
  upon 
  the 
  eggs 
  of 
  the 
  leaf-roller. 
  

   The 
  mites 
  belonging 
  to 
  this 
  genus 
  are 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  always 
  predaceous, 
  

   and 
  some 
  of 
  them 
  feed 
  on 
  scale 
  insects. 
  

  

  METHODS 
  OF 
  CONTROL. 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  winter 
  of 
  1911-12 
  and 
  the 
  spring 
  of 
  1912 
  many 
  experi- 
  

   ments 
  were 
  made 
  at 
  Espanola, 
  N. 
  Mex., 
  and 
  Canon 
  City, 
  Colo., 
  against 
  

   the 
  fruit-tree 
  leaf-roller. 
  The 
  experimental 
  work 
  will 
  be 
  taken 
  up 
  

   separately 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  locality 
  in 
  which 
  it 
  was 
  conducted. 
  

  

  