TRUE PARASITES. 59 



specimens being reared as late as November 10. It was subsequently 

 reared many times by Mr. Alexander Craw, Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, and 

 others, in California. In the East it attacked the San Jose scale at 

 the very outset, having previously existed in this part of the country 

 as a parasite of other species of Diaspinse. It was reared in this 

 office from material collected at Riverside, Md., and Charlottesville, 

 Va., and also from the material collected in the first orchards found 

 infested, by Prof. J. B. Smith, of New Jerse}^ Professor Forbes has 

 reared it in Illinois from the San Jose scale, and it has often been 

 reared in Washington. That this insect has been steadily on the 

 increase seems likely, but it is also proi)able that there is a certain 

 .periodicity in its increase. In Bulletin No. 57 of the Maryland Agri- 

 cultural Experiment Station, published in August, 1898, Prof. W. G. 

 Johnson stated that he did not think it possible to secure an}^ imme- 

 diate beneficial results from this parasite in the State of Maryland. 

 He said that in all his efforts to secure them in his breeding cages he 

 had been obliged to inclose hundreds of thousands of scales to obtain 

 one parasite. Less than two 3^ears later, however,^' he stated that in a 

 new locality for the San Jose scale, near Easton, Talbot County, Md., 

 he found the parasites in enormous numbers. A quantity of small 

 branches incrusted with the scale were brought to his laborator}^ and 

 inclosed in breeding tubes. Much to his surprise these t'ubes were 

 swarming with parasites a few days later. From one tube 1,111 spec- 

 imens of Aphelinus fuscipennis were taken, while a second tube gave 

 432, a third 1,478, and a fourth more than 1,000. The other scale 

 insects infested by this parasite are Asvidiotus i^apax Qova^i. ^ Aspidio- 

 tiis euoiiyini Targ., Lepidoswphes gloverii Pack., and Lepidosaphes 

 idini L. 



Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron is another important parasite which 

 was reported in earlier publications as attacking the San Jose scale in 

 California, where it was reared in Santa Clara County b}^ Mr. E. M. 

 Ehrhorn. It is also a common and widespread species, and infests, 

 aside from the San Jose scale, Lepidosaphes ulm.l^ Chionaspis pinJfolide, 

 -Fitch, and Diaspis carueli Targ. In the East it is the commonest 

 parasite of the oyster-shell scale of the apple. It has only recently 

 been found to attack the San Jose scale, and it is an encouraging fea- 

 ture that this and other eastern species have at last found a host satis- 

 factory to themselves in Aspidiotus jjerniciosus. It was last 3^ear 

 (1905) reared at this office from San Jose scale collected at Washington, 

 D. C, by Mr. A. A. Girault, and at Youngstown, N. Y., by Mr. A. L. 

 Quaintance. 



Aspidiotiphagits citTinus Howard (fig. 7) is one of the most impor- 

 tant parasites of armored scales in California, to which State it was 

 evidently imported from oriental regions. In California it has been 



«Bull. No. 26, new series, Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agr., pp. 73, 74. 



