MancJiester Memoirs, Vol. lix. (191 5), No. 10. 11 



actually transmitted by the traditional small band of . . . 

 Mediterranean seafarers, than to explain how, under totally 

 different conditions of race and climate, the identical 

 ideas and customs should have arisen" (pp. 383 and 384). 

 Nor does she leave us in any doubt as to the route taken 

 by the carriers of this practice. Found in association 

 with it, both in the Old and the New World, was the use 

 of conch-shell trumpets and pearls. The antiquity of 

 these usages is proved by their representation in pre- 

 Columbian pictures or, in the case of the pearls, the 

 finding of actual specimens in graves. 



In Phoenician, Greek, and later times these shell- 

 trumpets were extensively used in the Mediterranean : 

 " European travellers have found them in actual use in 

 East India, Japan and, by the Alfurs, in Ceram, the 

 Papuans of New Guinea, as well as in the South Sea 

 islands as far as New Zealand," and in many places in 

 America (p. 378). " In the Old and the New World alike, 

 are found, in the same close association, (1) the purple 

 industry and skill in weaving ; (2) the use of pearls and 

 conch-shell trumpets ; (3) the mining, working and traf- 

 ficking in copper, silver and gold ; (4) the tetrarchial 

 form of government ; (5) the conception of ' Four 

 Elements ' ; (6) the cyclical form of calendar. Those 

 scholars who assert that all of the foregoing must have 

 been developed independently will ever be confronted by 

 the persistent and unassailable fact that, throughout 

 America, the aborigines unanimously disclaim all share 

 in their production and assign their introduction to 

 strangers of superior culture from distant and unknown 

 parts" (p. 383). 



Many other equally definite proofs might be cited of 

 the transmission of customs from the Old to the New 

 World, of which the instance reported by Tylor (102) is 



