Manchester Memoirs, Vol. lix. (191 5), No. 10. 13 



transmission of such customs. Most scholars who have 

 mastered the early history of some particular area, in 

 many cases those who most resolutely deny even the 

 possibility of the wider spread of culture, frankly admit — 

 because it would stultify their own localised researches to 

 deny it — the intercourse of the particular people in which 

 they are interested and its neighbours. Merely by using 

 these links, forged by the reluctant hands of hostile wit- 

 nesses, it is possible to construct the whole chain needed 

 for such migrations as I postulate (see Map II) 



No one who reads the evidence collected by such 

 writers as Ellis (15), de Quatrefages (60) and Percy Smith 

 (98/ can doubt the fact of the extensive prehistoric mi- 

 grations throughout the Pacific Ocean along definitely 

 known routes. Even Joyce (whose otherwise excellent 

 summaries of the facts relating to American archaeology 

 have been emasculated by his refusal to admit the influence 

 of the Old World upon American culture) states that 

 migrations from India extended to Indonesia (and Mada- 

 gascar) and all the islands of the Pacific ; and even that 

 " it is likely that the coast of America was reached" (61, 

 p. 119). 4 



There is no doubt as to the reality of the close 

 maritime intercourse between the Persian Gulf and India 

 from the eighth century B.C. (13 ; 14 ; 51 ; and 101) ; and of 

 course it is a historical fact that the Mediterranean littoral 

 and Egypt had been in intimate connexion with Baby- 

 lonia for some centuries before, and especially after, that 

 time. 



In the face of this overwhelming mass of definite 



3 See also 2 ; 3 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 16 ; 20 ; 21 ; 24 ; 29 ; 30 ; 38 ; 48 ; 



49 ; 50 ; 51 ; 61 ; 73 ; J 03 ; and 105. 



4 For proof that it was reached set 3 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 20 ; 21 ; 38 : 49 ; 

 50; 5 1 J 73'. *°2; 103; and 105. 



