Osteology of Aramus scolopaceus. 39 
14th instead of the 13th. Moreover, the bifid state of 
the otherwise unpaired hypapophysis of the succeeding 
vertebra — i. e., the 15th of the entire series — is more marked 
than it is in Aramus ; this is naturally still more suggestive 
of the origin of the unpaired hypapophysis from paired 
catapophyses than is the case of the 14th vertebra of Aramus. 
In Tetrapteryx (or Anthropoides) paradisea there are 
exactly the same number of cervical vertebrae which possess 
catapophyses as in Grus carunculata, those of the 15th being 
quite as marked as are those of the 14th. 
Balearica, in the points which are now being dealt with 
(fig. 1), does not show any special likeness to Aramus-, it is 
indeed a step further on the Crane-side. In this bird there 
are in all, it will be remembered, 20 cervical vertebrse, instead 
of the 19 which characterize the more typical Cranes. As 
the cervical series is thus extended by one vertebra, it is 
natural to find that the arrangement of the catapophyses 
corresponds. In Balearica it is thus the 16th vertebra 
instead of the 15th which bears the last pair of catapophyses. 
There is one remaining feature in the structure of these 
catapophyses which requires attention and furnishes useful 
comparisons. In Balearica the first pair of them is upon 
vertebra 6, as in the case of Aramus, already stated above. It 
will be seen, however, immediately, that these catapophyses 
are not certainly the equivalents of those which lie in Ara7nus 
upon the same vertebra. These processes in Balearica lie 
rather near to the middle ventral line of the centrum ; they 
are placed behind a very deep ventral fossa which excavates the 
centrum of this vertebra just behind its surface for articulation 
with the preceding vertebra. This deep ventral fossa is not 
to be seen upon the next or upon any of the succeeding 
cervical vertebrae; there is no differentiation of the anterior 
from the posterior part of the centrum. In correspondence 
with, or at any rate associated with, this change in the form 
of the ventral surface of the centra the catapophyses move 
away from the position which they occupy on the sixth 
vertebra ; they move forwards and come to have at the 
same time a more lateral position, or, to state the matter 
