REMEDIAL MEASURES. 85 



makes a solution containing 2 pounds of copper sulphate to each gallon of water. This 

 may be kept as long as desired without deterioration, if covered so as to prevent 

 evaporation. 



Lime solution. — The various kinds of ground and prepared lime can not always be 

 relied upon; stone lime is therefore to be preferred, and is more likely to give uni- 

 formly satisfactory results. Slake 100 pounds of stone lime in a 50-gallon barrel, add- 

 ing the lime in small quantities with sufficient water and mixing thoroughly. When 

 the lime is all slaked fill the remainder of the barrel with water. You will now have a 

 stock preparation of lime which when thoroughly mixed will be thin enough to dip, 

 and pour readily. Each gallon of this preparation will contain 2 pounds of stone lime. 

 This may be kept under cover and used as needed. Where large quantities of mate- 

 rial are being used it is desirable to have two or more barrels each of stock lime and 

 bluestone instead of one, so that the bluestone in one barrel may be dissolving while 

 that in the other is being used. 



Mixing copper sulphate solution and lime solution. — To prepare a 100-gallon spray 

 tank of Bordeaux mixture, take two 50-gallon barrels and fill them nearly full of water; 

 to one barrel add 5 gallons of the bluestone stock solution, which will be equivalent 

 to 10 pounds of bluestone. To the other barrel add 5 gallons from the barrel of the 

 stock lime preparation, which will be equal to 10 pounds of stone lime. Mix the lime 

 thoroughly and allow the contents of the two barrels to run together in a trough, or 

 through hose attached at the bottom of the barrels into the tank of the sprayer. 



If an insecticide is to be used, it may now be added to the mixture. 



After the mixture is prepared it should be used very soon, and not be allowed in any 

 case to stand more than a few hours before using. 



The quantities mentioned in this account of the preparation of Bordeaux mixture 

 will give 100 gallons of the 5-5-50 formula. For the other formulas, the manner of 

 preparation is precisely the same, and the necessary changes in quantities of blue- 

 stone and lime are easily calculated. 



PLANTS FOR PREPARATION OF THE SPRAY MIXTURE. 



Plate X, figure 1, shows a mixing plant erected beside a creek in 

 a vineyard, using a hydraulic ram to elevate the water to the tank, 

 the lime being slaked and the copper sulphate dissolved in the bar- 

 rels standing upon the ground. An abundant water supply which 

 can be delivered to the sprayer tank either by pressure or by gravity 

 greatly minimizes both the cost and labor of preparing spray mix- 

 tures and in addition saves a great deal of time at a season when the 

 vineyardist is almost overwhelmed with the routine work of vine- 

 yard operations. 



Lack of preparation for spraying operations and failure to utilize 

 to the greatest advantage the flow of water down creeks or from 

 springs adjoining vineyards, either by gravity or by the use of hydrau- 

 lic rams, to elevated mixing stations frequently cause the vineyard- 

 ist who is rushed with work either to neglect spraying entirely or 

 to be so delayed in making the application that it is only partly 

 effective; whereas if plans are made in advance to simplify the mixing 

 and loading of the spray mixture, the apparent magnitude of the task 

 is greatly lessened. The thing of prime importance is for the vine- 

 yardist to become thoroughly convinced that spraying is one of the 

 absolutely necessary operations in successful vineyard management. 



