612 E. M. KINDLE CANADIAN PLEISTOCENE CONCRETIONS 



genetically related to oolites Kalkowsky's*^ name Stromatolites, "a term 

 that includes those laminated concentrically bnilt structures occurring 

 in limestone and dolomites." 



A number of terms have come into local use for structures which are 

 generally recognized as concretions. Among these are the eyestones or 

 morpholites of Egypt,^*^ the hailstones of the English Silurian rocks/^ 

 and the i?'on pipes of the Folkestone sands.^^ 



The heelcites^^ consist generally of ^^chalcedonic rings circling lime 

 nodules or shells.'^ The Irish term paramoudra}^ refers to remarkabh 

 large flint cylinders. 



Calcareous concretionary structures afford no more remarkable forms 

 than the concentrically zoned concretions of the Fulwell Hill quarries in 

 England, some of which bear a striking resemblance to Neiolandii major 

 and other Precambrian fossils as Abbott^^ and Holtedahl have pointed 

 out. 



The Champlain clay concretions of New England have generally been 

 known to Hitchcock and later geologists as claystones}^ 



Concretions found in the Norwegian Pleistocene clays are known* to 

 Scandinavian geologists as marlekor, or fairy stones, and ndlcl-ehrod. 

 T. Kjerulf^' has published good figures of these. 



Certain of these mai'Jel'or, or imatra stones, '^^ as they have also been 

 called, are considered true concretions by some geologists and clay pebbles 

 by others. They have been described by Sars and Erdmann^^ from the 

 glacial clays of Sweden. 



Quirke-° has described, under the name marlekor or imatra stones, 

 clav inclusions from the Pleistocene of Canada which he does not con- 



^ Kalkowsky : Oolith and Stromatolith in Nordlichen Bundsandstein, Zs. dd. geol. 

 Gesellsch., 1908. p. 60. 



I'' Mary S. Johnston : Geology and physiography in Egypt. Geographical Teacher, 

 no. 49, vol. ix, pt. 3, 1917, p. 142. 



" Mary S. Johnston : Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xxv, 1914, p. 193. 



^- George Abbott : Tubular structures in rocks which are probably due to osmetic 

 action. Trans. S. E. Union of Sci. Socs. (Eng.), 1016, p. 20. 



" T. M. McKenny Hughes : On the manner of occurrence of beekite and its bearing 

 upon siliceous beds of Paleozoic age. Mining Mag., vol. 8, no. 40, 1889, pp. 265-271. 



"J. W. Judd : Students' Elements of Geology (C. Lyell), illustrations, p. 256, 1896. 

 George Abbott: Concretions. S. E. Natl. (Eng.) for 1907, p. 71, pi. 12, fig. 11. 



^^ George Abbott : Notes on concretions. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. 27, 1916, pp. 192-197. 



1^ J. M. Arms : Clay concretions of the Connecticut River. Can. Rec. Sci., vol. 4, 

 1891, p. 238. 



" T. Kjerulf : Udsigt over det sydlige Norger Geologi, Christiania, 1879, pp. 4-9, pis. 



IS G. F. Parrott : Mem. de TAcad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 1849, and 

 "Recherches physiques sur les pierres d'Imatra." 1840. 



"A. Erdmann : Expose des formations quaternaires de la Suede, Stockholm 1S68, pp. 

 84-87. 



2«T. T. Quirke: Can. Geol. Surv., Mem. no. 102, 1917, p. 56, pi. 85. 



