﻿THE 
  STONE 
  AND 
  BONE 
  IMPLEMENTS 
  OF 
  THE 
  ARICKAREES. 
  39 
  

  

  earliest 
  period, 
  corn 
  was 
  probably 
  pounded 
  in 
  stone 
  mortars 
  and 
  

   with 
  stone 
  pestles. 
  When 
  the 
  wooden 
  mortar 
  was 
  introduced, 
  is 
  

   unknown 
  ; 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  probable 
  that 
  it 
  came 
  into 
  use 
  before 
  the 
  

   epoch 
  of 
  European 
  discovery. 
  

  

  Ladder 
  — 
  Fig. 
  19, 
  PI. 
  V. 
  — 
  The 
  Indians 
  knew 
  the 
  uses 
  of 
  the 
  

   ladder, 
  and 
  some 
  of 
  them 
  manufactured 
  an 
  excellent 
  article 
  before 
  

   the 
  discovery 
  of 
  America. 
  When 
  Coronado 
  visited 
  and 
  subdued 
  

   the 
  seven 
  so-called 
  cities 
  of 
  Cibola, 
  in 
  New 
  Mexico, 
  in 
  1540-2, 
  he 
  

   found 
  the 
  people 
  living 
  in 
  seven 
  or 
  eight 
  large 
  communal 
  houses, 
  

   each 
  capable 
  of 
  accommodating 
  a 
  thousand 
  or 
  more 
  persons. 
  In 
  

   the 
  account 
  of 
  this 
  expedition 
  by 
  Coronado, 
  we 
  have 
  the 
  first 
  men- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  ladder 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  Northern 
  Village 
  Indians. 
  Their 
  

   houses 
  were 
  without 
  entrances 
  upon 
  the 
  ground 
  floors 
  ; 
  but 
  they 
  

   mounted 
  to 
  the 
  first 
  terrace 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  ladders, 
  and 
  so 
  to 
  each 
  

   successive 
  story 
  above 
  ; 
  " 
  and 
  the 
  ladders 
  which 
  they 
  have 
  for 
  

   their 
  houses 
  are 
  all 
  in 
  a 
  manner 
  movable 
  and 
  portable, 
  which 
  are 
  

   taken 
  away 
  and 
  set 
  down 
  when 
  they 
  please, 
  and 
  they 
  are 
  made 
  of 
  

   two 
  pieces 
  of 
  wood, 
  with 
  their 
  steps 
  as 
  ours 
  be."* 
  The 
  Aricka- 
  

   rees, 
  Manclans 
  and 
  Minnitasees 
  use 
  finely 
  made 
  ladders 
  for 
  the 
  

   purpose 
  of 
  ascending 
  their 
  drying 
  scaffolds 
  before 
  mentioned, 
  and 
  

   to 
  the 
  tops 
  of 
  their 
  houses. 
  There 
  was 
  one 
  or 
  more 
  of 
  these 
  at 
  

   every 
  scaffold. 
  They 
  were 
  made 
  of 
  two 
  limbs 
  growing 
  nearly 
  

   parallel, 
  and 
  severed 
  below 
  the 
  junction, 
  as 
  shown 
  in 
  the 
  figure, 
  

   and 
  set 
  with 
  the 
  forked 
  end 
  upon 
  the 
  ground 
  and 
  the 
  two 
  ends 
  

   against 
  the 
  scaffold. 
  Depressions 
  were 
  sunk 
  in 
  the 
  side 
  rails 
  to 
  

   receive 
  and 
  partially 
  hold 
  the 
  rounds, 
  which 
  were 
  secured 
  by 
  

   rawhide 
  strings. 
  In 
  this 
  manner 
  they 
  produced 
  a 
  neat, 
  strongly 
  

   made 
  and 
  excellent 
  ladder. 
  They 
  were 
  usually 
  from 
  ten 
  to 
  

   twelve 
  feet 
  long. 
  

  

  Willow 
  Matting 
  — 
  Fig. 
  20, 
  PI. 
  V. 
  — 
  Screens, 
  or 
  matting, 
  made 
  of 
  

   willow 
  answered 
  many 
  useful 
  purposes 
  in 
  the 
  domestic 
  economy 
  

   of 
  the 
  Arickarees 
  and 
  Manclans. 
  Willows 
  grow 
  abundantly 
  in 
  

   places 
  on 
  the 
  Upper 
  Missouri. 
  From 
  their 
  pliable 
  character 
  and 
  

   nearly 
  uniform 
  diameter 
  they 
  make 
  excellent 
  mats 
  and 
  screens. 
  

   They 
  are 
  cut 
  about 
  six 
  feet 
  long, 
  and, 
  after 
  being 
  dried, 
  are 
  

   woven 
  into 
  mats 
  by 
  the 
  simple 
  process 
  of 
  passing 
  two 
  strings 
  of 
  

   raw 
  hide 
  or 
  of 
  filaments 
  of 
  bark, 
  the 
  one 
  over 
  and 
  the 
  other 
  

   under 
  each 
  cane, 
  both 
  near 
  the 
  ends 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  centre, 
  until 
  a 
  mat 
  

   is 
  produced 
  from 
  eight 
  to 
  twelve 
  feet 
  long, 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  use 
  

  

  * 
  Coronado's 
  Relation. 
  Hakluyt's 
  Coll. 
  of 
  Voyages, 
  London 
  Ed., 
  1812, 
  v. 
  5, 
  p. 
  498. 
  

  

  