Mr. Hardy on Border 'Earthquakes',. 229 



itous era. Tempests and hurricanes — earthquakes and inun- 

 dations — famine, pestilence, and cattle disease — prevailed in 

 all countries and climates. (Dodsley's Ann. Reg., XXVlII.,p. 

 58, 59). 



August 11, 1787. " Penrith, Lancaster, Manchester, Lennel 

 near Coldstream, 2 a.m. Motion N.N.W. and S.S.R" 

 (Gen. Mag., L VII., p. 494). I quote this from the Register in 

 "Ed. New Phil. Jour.," XXXI., p. 108. From the coincidence 

 of day and hour, it is obviously a repetition of the foregoing 

 incidents. 



August 13, 1816. An extensive and simultaneous shock at 

 10'45 p.m., which affected all Scotland from the Pentland 

 Frith on the north, to Coldstream on the south. Direction 

 of the concussion, from N. W. to S.E. This was a very rainy- 

 year. 



September 18, 1822. " A smart shock of an earthquake at 

 Dunston, near Newcastle, between 1 and 2 p.m., accompanied 

 by a loud noise like thunder." (Ibid, p. 119). 



January 21, 1831. At Tynehead, a rent was formed half a 

 mile long. (Ibid, p. 121.) 



October 23, 1839. An earthquake felt about 10 p.m. through- 

 out the north of Scotland ; reached the Borders, being felt at 

 Netherby Hall, and at Oloseburn, Dumfriesshire. " It was 

 felt at Selkirk, and in the neighbourhood also of Kelso, where 

 the windows rattled and the crockery ware was shaken. It 

 was felt at Coldstream, in the neighbouring village of New- 

 toun, and the farm of Mountfair." (Ibid, XXXIV., p. 106). 



Such are some of the distinguishing features of earthquakes, 

 as they have occurred on the Borders. I have only to remark, 

 in conclusion, that the direction of the shocks from W. to E. 

 is nearly parallel with the smaller dykes, which, according to 

 Mr Tate, in the northern part of Northumberland run W. by 

 S. to E. by W. A similar inference is also arrived at by Mr 

 Milne Home : " In Anglesea, North "Wales, and Cheshire, 

 where the dykes run N.W. and S.E., the vibrations are, in 

 the great majority of cases, stated to have been in the same 

 direction." (Ed. New Phil. Jour., XXXI. , p. g85, where there 

 are other instances of accordance). 



The ancient subterranean forces are now confined, but they 

 still occupy their wonted sphere of action, and work along 

 familiar grooves ; they have been walling themselves up for 

 ages, but the struggle between restraint and liberty continues 

 still to be waged, and has battered and rent the structure ; 



