206 Mr. J. Hardy on the Antiquity of some Border Pears. 



11. Lammas. There are two kinds : one the Lemon Lady, 

 or Lady Lamont,' or Lady's Lemon. The other is the 

 Crawford Pear. (Neill.) No history. 



12. Late or Gkey Carnock, or Drummond. Of Scottish 

 origin. (Neill). 



13. Green Yair, or Green Pear of Yair. Of Scottish 

 origin and a Border name, but nothing appears to be known 

 of its history. 



14. Honey Pear. The name is from a German source. 

 Valerius Cordus in the " Historise de Plantis," p. 178, &c, 

 published in 1561, mentions three kinds ; one abounded in 

 Hessia, and the other two were cultivated at Wirtemberg. 

 Parkinson has a Honey Pear. 



15. Warden Pear. Turner, the earliest English botanist 

 of any note, and a Northumbrian, records this once popular 

 variety in 1562. The name was applied to it from its 

 capability of long preservation. The Warden claims, among 

 others, to be the " Volema " of Cato, Virgil, and Pliny. The 

 most likely etymon of the word is that it was a pear large 

 enough to fill the hollow of the hand (vola). But Servius 

 says that it is a Gallic word, denoting both good and large; 

 while Goropius claims for it a German composition, signify- 

 ing a full dwelling (Volheim). But that it should be the 

 Warden rather than any other sizeable pear, is merely 

 hypothetical. As the " Monks' Pear," it traditionally pre- 

 serves the memory of its early cultivators. An identical 

 name was used in Lusatia in J. Bauhin's time, viz., " Monchs- 

 birn, i.e., Monachorum Pira." Mouffett, in his "Health's 

 Improvement," 1655, p. 214, thus eulogises the Warden. 

 " Wardens, or Palme-Pears, so called because one of them 

 will fill the palm of the hand, were first brought into credit 

 by Livia Pompeia ; they are very hurtful and almost indi- 

 gestible being eaten raw or green ; but towards winter they 

 are very wholesome for a weak stomach, being stued, bakt, 

 or roasted, and to be preferred for nourishment before all 

 fruit ; engendering (especially when they are sweet and red) 

 most wholesome juice; strengthening concoction, repelling 

 vapours from the head, and comforting the weak and 

 decayed spirit : would to God every hedge were full of them, 

 as they are of wild Pears and Crabs, that both poor and 

 rich might have a competent nourishment when fish and 

 flesh can hardly be gotten." 



16. Worry-carle. This is most likely the " Choak 



