208 On Evidences of Ice-action, by Mr. Win. Stevenson. 



red wood, and was perfectly sound. Dr. Walker also tells 

 us of another large tree of the Golden Knap, at Kestalrig, 

 near Edinburgh, 2J feet high before it begun to branch, 

 which was measured 16th July, 1799, and was determined 

 to be 12 feet round about. It stood in a garden, adjacent 

 to what was the house of Logan of Kestalrig, who was 

 attainted in the reign of James VI., and the tree was 

 probably planted before his forfeiture. It was a good 

 vigorous tree, and generally bore a good crop*. The Golden 

 Knap is a small, early yellow pear, and forms the largest and 

 most durable tree of any pear we have. Dr. Neill attributes 

 to it a Scottish origin. 



On Evidences of Ice-action in Berwickshire. By William 



Stevenson. 



Although in the opinion of many geologists, as well as that 

 of the writer of this paper, the Karnes and similar deposits 

 of sand and gravel, so common in Berwickshire, may be very 

 satisfactorily accounted for by the action of the waters of 

 the sea upon loose detrital matter during the lengthened 

 period whilst the land was in process of emergence, indubit- 

 able evidences of ice agency are of frequent occurrence. 

 Many boulders which have been transported only a few 

 miles from their parent rocks, such as these traceable to 

 Hume Castle, Kyleshill, Dirrington law, Borthwick hill, and 

 Cockburn law, and now found scattered over all the county 

 to eastward of these localities, may have been conveyed by 

 the action of water alone bearing them to seaward on in- 

 clined planes ; but it is obvious that those blocks which are 

 now found a hundred miles or more from their native 

 localities, now separated by lofty ridges and deep valleys, 

 must have been carried by some agent capable of floating 

 heavy masses. This agent was unquestionably ice. Boul- 

 ders of the latter description are still found in many parts 

 of Berwickshire, though by far the greater number, especi- 

 ally of the smaller ones, have been gathered from the fields 



* "Walker's " Essays on Natural History," &c, p. 83, 84. 



