122 Anniversary Address. 



P. ANIMA^LFA, probably when complete meaning "Pray for 

 the soul of ^Ifa." Another stone has a figure of a monk giving 

 the benediction ; some present strange combinations of circles ; one 

 has a large and elaborate wheel-shaped ornament ; and others fur- 

 nish beautiful examples of knot, scroll, and diaper work. The 

 whole of these sculptures should be figured in our Transactions, 

 as they are an instructive group, illustrating the Saxon styles of 

 ornament in the ninth century. 



' ' Leaving the church, the party strolled along the north bank 

 of the Tweed towards Milne Graden, and under the guidance of 

 Mr. D. Milne Home, noticed the geological features of the district. 

 The strata here consist of red and other sandstones, marly lime- 

 stones, and shales. In the sandstones are carboniferous plants, 

 and in the shales, species of Modiola and Entomostraca. These 

 beds belong to the lowermost division of the mountain limestone, 

 which I have in a former note designated as the Tuedian group ; 

 and they lie below the workable seams of coal. The rocky strata are 

 overlaid by a large dej)0sit of rolled blocks and water- worn gravel, 

 indicating that at no very distant era, the valley was filled with 

 water to a height considerably above the present level of the river. 



"At Milne Graden the party were hospitably entertained; 

 and some time was spent there in examining a map of North 

 Durham, on which Mr. D. Milne Home had laid down the range 

 of the various coal seams and limestone strata. Before leaving 

 Milne Graden the rain began to fall heavily, and as the day was 

 unfavourable for natural history observations, the party crossed 

 the Tweed in a boat, and returned by railway to Norham. 



" 'Norham's castled stee^)' was next visited; and the different 

 parts of this interesting ruin were ably explained by the Eev. J . 

 D. Clark. Though but a ruin, the castle is still a noble object, 

 standing on the elevated and steep southern bank of the Tweed ; 

 and enough still remains to attest its former strength and mag- 

 nificence. It was built by the warhke Bishop Flambard in A.D. 

 1121, and since that period it has been the scene of many of the 

 leading events in Border History. Fifteen years after its erection, 

 it was taken by David I. King of the Scots ; but soon afterwards 

 restored to the English. In A.D. 1138, it was again taken by the 

 same king, who is said to have razed it to the ground ; but the 

 destruction had not been so complete, for a considerable portion 

 of Flambard' s work remains on the east side and south-east cor- 

 ner of the Keep. Bishop Pudsey repaired the broken fortifications, 



