Anniversary Address. 8-13 



organic remains are known to have been discovered ; but it 

 has been said that a few small bivalve shells had been found 

 near the east end, on or below the level of the moss. From the 

 description given, they appeared to be recent, and to belong 

 to the genus Cyclas. Mr. Stevenson of Dunse undertook to 

 make further enquiry regarding them. 



It appeared to the members present quite manifest, that the 

 notion of these Kaims having been the moraine of a glacier, 

 as supposed by the late Dr. Buckland, was untenable. Their 

 internal structure showed that the materials composing them, 

 had been brought and laid down by water ; though in what 

 way it is very difficult to understand. Considering the gi-eat 

 length of the line of these Kaims, and their great height, the 

 agent must have been on a large scale. As the drift cover- 

 ing the whole country contains gravel and sands, of the same 

 character, the inference is that these Kaims m,ust have been 

 formed when the land was covered by sea. Reference was 

 made to the " spits " of gravel and sand knoAvn to be formed 

 off Yarmouth and also off the coast of Dorset ; in the former 

 case by the action of currents or tides, in the latter case by 

 the action of the waves and the prevalent south-westerly 

 gales. Another theory was suggested, that if the land 

 emerged suddenly from the sea, the waters would rush off, in 

 a direction more or less easterly, in parallelism with the 

 direction of the Lammermuir and Cheviot hills, and would 

 wash away the drift, except in certain localities, where 

 it would be left in long ridges. It was observed, that the 

 general course of all the Berwickshire Kaims was east 

 and west, and several of them showed, at their west ends, 

 a high crag which would protect the drift on the east side of 

 it from the action of the retiring waters. It was mentioned 

 by Mr. D. Milne Home in proof of the numbers of these Kaims 

 in Berwickshire, and of the popular interest excited by them, 

 that a number of estates and farms were called after them — 

 as the estate of Kaims in Eccles parish, and the farms of 

 Kaim Knowe, and Kaim Flat, near Kelso. Lord Kaims, 

 celebrated in the last century as a Scotch lawyer, was the 



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