Durham Castle, by Mr W. H. D. LongstafFe. 75 



chancel of the church as far as to the citadel (arcem) of the castle. The place 

 hetween the church and the castle^ which many little habitations took up, he 

 reduced to the plainness of an open field." Thus Place Green or Palace 

 Green arose. In the time of his successor, Geoffrey Rufus, the monks' 

 Chapter-house was completed, having caryatides and florid work, and we 

 must assign to his episcopacy or that of Wm, St. Barbara the doorways of 

 the nave, and perhaps the gateway of the castle. The possession of the 

 castle was again an element during the assertion of a claim by William 

 Cumin between the rules of Rufus and St. Barbara to be bishop himself. 



"We now come to the important episcopate of Bishop Pudsey. He built 

 " a new wall from the north gate to the south one," by which Dr Eaine 

 understands "that part of the city wall which extends from the old goal 

 gate (now destroyed) to the water gate, of which, towards its southern end 

 there are (he says) some curious remains." But more to our point is the 

 following assertion of Coldingham, the historian of Durham, about this busy 

 prelate who put, or attempted to put, all his houses in order. "In the 

 castle of Durham the edifices, which in the first times of his episcopate, the 

 flame had consumed, he renewed ; and the castle of Northam, which he 

 found infirm in fortification, he rendered strong with a very substantial 

 tower." One of the continuators of Symeon also mentions his building a 

 castle on the Tweed, at his entrance to the bishoprick, by command of his 

 relation. King Stephen, the earliest fortress erected by Flambard having 

 been destroyed by the Scottish army, and then he proceeds thus: — "Many 

 buildings he made in the bishoprick, and in the city 'urbe) itself of his See, 

 the old ones being destroyed, he made new and noble {insignia) edifices." 



In considering the remarkable works of Pudsey, we must remember that 

 he acceded in 1153 and died in 1194, passing through the whole of the 

 Transitional period, beginning with the late and florid Norman style, and 

 ending with a fairly advanced early English one. Notwithstanding the ex- 

 amples before him, his predecessors' Chapter House and the doorways of the 

 Nave, all Pudsey' s works, however rich, seem to have been chastened and 

 toned down by that peculiar spirit which St. Karileph's style, continued by 

 Flambard, would produce upon an artistic mind in a time when purity was 

 in great danger from ornament. Magnificent as is the doorway to his hall in 

 the Castle it is not meretricious. Then again, with the most eminent archi- 

 tects employed, he appeared to have been indisposed to desert the Norman 

 style, notwithstanding the swift current of the fashionable pointed style. 

 The Galilee is a wonderful specimen of what the Norman style, in its last 

 days, vdth light and plain treatment, was capable of. Its date is about 1175. 

 In this Galilee the prevailing characteristic is that ornament peculiar to 

 Pudsey's time, a peculiar ornament used on capitals, usefully called the 

 Transitional volute, capable of much variety, but always readily recognisable. 

 Repeating my words, "rich as is the doorway," there is no trace in it or in 

 the gallery above it of this volute. The Keep at Norham is too plain and 

 utilitarian to yield details, but in the church, there, we find the Transitional 

 volute surmounted with bold and good moulded arches, and in the windows 

 of the chancel an unusual treatment of the common Norman zigzag orna- 

 ment, by setting it edgeways. This we again find in Durham Castle. The 



