322 On the Effects of the Winter of 1879-80. 



small ones ; the larger will, I trust, recover, and I am in great hopes that 

 many of the Boxwood trees will revive ; at first they looked hopeless, but I 

 did not cut them and they improved wonderfully during the summer. 



Some Notes on Effects of Winter of 1879, at Fowherry Tower, on the 

 river Till. By GtEoege Culley, Esq. 



At 5 A.M. on the 4th of December, a thermometer, 18 inches from the 

 ground, in the garden shewed 16*^ below zero (Fahrenheit). At 9 a.m. a 

 thermometer, 20 feet from the ground, marked 1" below zero, and never 

 rose during the day above 4*^ above zero ; the same thermometer marked 28° 

 above zero at 9 a.m. on the 5th, i.e., showed a rise of 35° in 24 hours. 



The extreme cold lasted little over 24 hours, but its effect on trees and 

 shrubs was very great. It killed, amongst deciduous trees, several Standard 

 Apples, several Apricots against south wall, the only two Standard Damsons, 

 all the Laburnums, three or four Peaches against south wall, two or three 

 Plums, and grievously damaged all the Oaks. Some Oaks had no leaves 

 above stems during the summer of 1880, while others put out tufts of im- 

 mense leaves on the branches where 4 or 5 years' growth had dropped off. 

 The longest Oak leaf gathered measures 14 inches by 8 ; the most grotesque 

 is 8 inches in what ought to be its length, by 10 wide ; many leaves vary 

 from 11 and 12 inches long to 7 and 9 wide. Many Oak trees are split. 



Amongst Conifers scarcely any tree altogether escaped, except Abies Cana- 

 densis, Albertiana, Douglasi, Menziesi, Cupressus Nootkaensis, Lobbi, 



All Piceas suffered slightly, including the conmion SUver Fir. 



Most of the true Pines are unhurt. 



AU English Yews (some a hundred years old) are killed, or nearly so. 



Nearly aU old Box-bushes Hlled. 



All WeUingtonias are killed. 



Many fine specimens of Cupressus Lawsoniana are killed ; aU damaged. 



All sorts of Ivy kiUed to ground. Many Privet hedges kUled out. 



The only large HoUy which survived 1860 and 1878, was killed to snow 

 mark. 



Many Rhododendrons were killed to ground. 



Feb. 2nd, 1881, 



CMllingham Castle Gardens. By Mr Eobekt Bowie. 



Report of some of the Effects of last Winter's Frost on Trees 

 and Shrubs here : — 



Oak, I have not noticed any that are quite dead, but many are nearly so. 



Walnuts, age not known, but must be from appearance not less than 200 

 years, all but dead. 



Yews, Common, many are killed, others are stiU dying ; they invariably 

 begin doing so at the top. Some are of large size, having been transplanted 

 to where they now are, more than 60 years ago. At that time they were 

 trees of great>ge. 



