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THE CAVE FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA, WITH REMARKS ON THE ANAT- 

 OMY OF THE BRAIN AND ORIGIN OF THE BLIND SPECIES./ 



By A. S. Packard.* 



CONTENTS. 



I. Description of the caves, with notes on their hydrog- 

 raphy, temperature, their origin, and geological 

 age ; the source of the food supply of their inhabit- 

 ants; the probable mode of colonization; with lists 

 of the species inhabiting the better-known caves. 

 II. The vegetable life of the caves. 



III. Systematic description of the invertebrate animals. 



IV. Systematic list of the cave animals of North America. 



V. Geographical distribution of the cave species. 

 VI. List of American and European cave animals. 

 VII. List of blind non-cavernicolous animals, including 



deep-sea forms. 

 VIII. Anatomy of the brain and rudimentary eyes (when 

 present) of certain blind Arthropoda. 

 IX. The origin of the cave species and genera. 

 X. Bibliography relating to caves and to cave life. 



PEEFACB. 



Most of the materials on which this essay is based were obtained while connected temporarily 

 with the geological survey of Kentucky, in charge of Prof. N. S. Shaler. 



During portions of the months of April and May, 1874, 1 examined Mammoth Cave and several 

 adjoining, i. e., White's Cave, Dixon's Cave, Diamond Cave, and Proctor's Cave, in company with. 

 Professor Shaler and Mr. F. G-. Sanborn, assistant on the survey, and subsequently Mr. Sanborn 

 explored these, Carter, and many smaller caves. In company with Professor Shaler, I also made 

 a slight examination of the four Carter caves. Fully appreciating the importance of the subject of 

 cavern life and of comparing the fauna of different caves, Professor Shaler invited me to visit Wyan- 

 dotte Cave, and the Bradford caves in Indiana. The Bradford caves I visited in company with 

 Dr. John Sloan, of New Albany, Indiana, who had already examined with much success many of the 

 small caverns in southern Indiana. The collections made by him, and contained in the Museum of 

 Natural History of New Albany, were also examined, and he has kindly sent me other material. 

 I have also received specimens and notes from Dr. Moses N. Elrod of Orleans, Orange Count} 7 , 

 Indiana, a region abounding in small caves. On my return I examined Weyer's Cave and adjoin- 

 ing Madison's Cave near Staunton, Virginia, and discovered about twelve forms, where before none 

 were known to inhabit those caves. In the autumn Professor Putnam made a thorough explora- 

 tion of Mammoth Cave. This paper is accordingly based on material collected by Mr. Sanborn, 

 Professor Shaler, Mr. Cooke, Professor Putnam, Dr. Sloan, and myself. 



Mr. Enierton kindly identified and described the spiders of the caves, and his descriptions and 

 drawings accompany this article. The Coleoptera have been identified by Dr. Le Conte, the Dip- 



* Kcad Noveni uor 'J, l&sb\ 



