66 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS NEAR EMBLETON 



all through the climax of the Age of Snow. Similar surface 

 crumplings occur here and there all along the coast from the 

 Firth of Forth to Norfolk. Clement Eeid's Fold, South of 

 Cromer, is a well-known case. A very fine one also occurs on 

 the coast close to Sciemerston. Others, in a smaller scale, may 

 be seen on the limestones near Catcraig, close to Dunbar, 

 and similar surface crumplings are not uncommon near Elie. 

 Inland, too, they are far from uncommon, though geologists have 

 not always agreed in referring them to the action of land ice. 



Duustanborough Castle stands upon a dip slope of the Whin 

 Sill, whose general features have been already sufficiently 

 described. At one place, on the promontory North of the 

 Castle, is the Rumbling Churn, a fissure widened along the 

 joints of the dolerite by the action of the sea. The Club 

 were much indebted to Dr Waterson, of Embleton, for calling 

 their attention to the true position of the "Churn," about 

 which some errors have long existed. 



Due East of the Castle a wide geo, as it would be termed in 

 Caithness and Orkney, runs inland from the sea up to the 

 Castle walls. This inlet is, as Dr Waterson rightly pointed 

 out, the true Queen Margaret's Cove. It has been eroded in 

 course of long ages by the action of the sea along a zone of 

 weakness — perhaps along a small fault. On its South side the 

 base of the Whin is seen to be very irregular, and part of some 

 of the sandstone and limestone below it is involved in a curious 

 manner in its lower part. I called the attention of the Club 

 at the time of their visit to the fact that protrusions of the 

 Whin were to be seen there penetrating the sandstone and 

 the limestone in such a manner as to show that there had 

 been chemical replacement of the one by the other; or, in 

 other words, that the Whin had not displaced its own volume 

 of the rock invaded, but had, instead, replaced it. It is to 

 this feature (which appears to be of general occurrence) that 

 the papers, above mentioned, by Mr Clough and myself 

 specially refer. 



In the rock caught up by the Whin, silica has been 

 carried down in solution from the rocks above, arflf here 

 and there has crystallised into pellucid crystals of quartz, 

 which have been dignified by the nam© of "Duustanborough 

 Diamonds," 



