8 



Garden and Forest. 



[Vol. IV., No. 150. 



about every other lawn, large or small, decorated with one or 

 more of these vigorous bushes, and the effect of the great 

 masses of lumpy heads of white flowers in late summer so 

 frequently repeated, is, to say the least, not very pleasing. 

 These plants make rather rapid growth, and one sees many 

 large masses even in small gardens, where they are often the 

 pride of the owner ; but, nevertheless, they do not favorably 

 impress some casual passers-by. 



My neighbor, who cultivates a small garden, treated this 

 plant to better purpose last summer, and made a most effective 

 group with it in combination with so-called " foliage plants." He 

 struck, during the early spring, shoots about a foot long, of the 

 Hydrangea, which were planted out at intervals near the grass- 

 border and backed by dwarf Cannas and annual Euphorbias. 

 Some low growing Snapdragons or similar flowering plants oc- 

 cupied the spaces toward the front and gave flashes of color dur- 

 ing the season. In late summer the drooping heads of the Hy- 

 drangea flowered low, and were relieved by the background and 

 surrounding masses of foliage. The whole effect, with glints 

 of color from Cannas and other flowers, was cheerful, but 

 quiet withal and in excellent taste for a moderate sized lawn. 

 Frequent propagation from cuttings would, of course, require 

 more care than many small growers are willing to take, but it 

 would seem that these small cuttings would often be useful in 

 many positions where the large standards were not satisfactory. 



The Annual Euphorbia, E. heterophylla, to which allusion 

 has been made, is a half hardy annual from Mexico, and it is 

 also said to occur in south Florida. The plant is readily 

 grown from seeds, is about three feet tall, branching, and with 

 deep green, fiddle-shaped leaves. In late summer the bases of 

 the leaves become a bright scarlet color, but only over a small 

 section in the specimens I have observed. Judging from these 

 it is far from being the brilliant and effective plant that was 

 claimed when it was introduced as a novelty in 1889. 



Elizabeth, N. J. G. 



Clematis paniculata. — About the same time that Mr. Orpet 

 had achieved success in grafting this valuable plant, I suc- 

 ceeded in raising over 200 of them from seed, and these have 

 been distributed through the United States. I have always 

 found it to ripen seed freely, but the seed is slow to germinate. 

 It is better to sow it in the autumn, since nearly a year is saved 

 by so doing. Spring sown seeds do not come up in any quan- 

 tity until the spring following. When once started the plants 

 grow rapidly and bloom at two years old. This Clematis 

 comes perfectly true from seed, indeed this could hardly be 

 otherwise, as no native allied species bloom at the same season. 

 Seedlings, however, vary a little, and among ours is one 

 superior variety. While time is saved by grafting, I yet think 

 that when a species can be perpetuated by seed it is the best 

 way. This is a well known fact with regard to plants from 

 foreign countries having a milder climate, since much is 

 gained in the way of acclimatization. This climber grows rap- 

 idly to a height of fifteen to twenty feet ; but as the stems 

 are woody and persistent, the lower part of the plant is 

 apt to become bare. I would, therefore, advise pruning some 

 part of it back yearly in order to keep it well furnished. 



Wellesley, Mass. T. £>. Hatfield. 



Peaches for Forcing. — One-year-old plants should be obtained 

 now and placed singly in fourteen-inch pots, or in boxes, two 

 or more in each box, protected in some outhouse for two 

 months and then taken into a greenhouse where the tempera- 

 ture is kept not warmer than fifty degrees at night. They will 

 need syringing twice a day, and the top shoots, as soon as they 

 are three inches long, should be pinched back to three leaves. 

 This will give the lower shoots a slight advantage and balance 

 the growth generally. Of course it is understood that the 

 plants have been pruned into shape before planting — that is, the 

 side shoots are to be cut back and the tops reduced one-third. 

 After the growth is completed in the greenhouse they must 

 be removed out-of-doors and water given them in sufficient 

 quantity to keep them from shriveling. Such plants can be 

 brought into the forcing-houses about the first week of Novem- 

 ber. Peaches require good loam, bone and potash to grow in. 

 If boxes are used they should not be less than a foot deep and 

 a foot wide, and the plants should be set a foot apart — that is, 

 two plants in a box two feet long, and so on. The boxes may 

 be two, three or four feet in length, and I prefer them to pots. 



Pearl River, N. Y. John Thorpe. 



The Best Peaches. — Among the hardier sorts of Peaches, 

 Hill's Chili is of good quality. Morris White and all of this 

 white class are best for canning, and are hardy. Early Rivers 

 endures cold that will destroy many other varieties, while its 



offspring, Horton's Rivers, is a perfect freestone, although it 

 has its parent's hardiness and excellent quality, with rather 

 firmer flesh. Hynes' Surprise, ripening at the close of the 

 Early Rivers season, is a perfect freestone, and hardy, too, 

 while St. John follows as the earliest yellow sort. Some of 

 these kinds have never failed of a crop even in the most 

 adverse season. Garfield is a new yellow-fleshed Peach of excel- 

 lent quality and size which promises to become a standard sort. 

 Geneva, N.'Y. \Y. 



The Forest. 



Forest-policy Abroad. — I. 



THE paper which follows was prepared for the meet- 

 ing of the American Forestry Association, at Wash- 

 ington, last week, by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, and read by him 

 in an abridged form : 



The history of the forest has developed itself along simi- 

 lar lines in all the countries of Europe. If we neglect the 

 factors which tended to preserve the European woodlands — 

 factors which have been largely absent in our own country — this 

 history is not without analogy to that of the forests of America. 

 It may be thus briefly summarized : 



In early times the demand made upon the forest was small, 

 and the areas cut over easily covered themselves with young 

 growth. The forest renewed itself and maintained its produc- 

 tive power. But as the demand increased the areas cut over 

 increased with it, and the actual re-growth no longer kept pace 

 with the quantity of timber which the forest was called upon 

 to yield. Thus arose the necessity for planting and for a sys- 

 tematic treatment. Again, as the value of forest-land grew 

 higher the separation and demarcation of the rights held by the 

 state, by communes and by private parties naturally took 

 place, and led it in turn to regular systems of forest-protection 

 and management. 



All forest-management may be said to rest on two self-evi- 

 dent truths: (1) that trees require many years to reach merchant- 

 able size; and (2) that a forest-crop cannot be taken every year 

 from the same land. From. the last statement it follows that a 

 definite, far-seeing plan is necessary for the rational manage- 

 ment of any forest ; from the first, that forest-property is safest 

 under the supervision of some imperishable guardian, or, in 

 other words, of the state. 



It would be impossible in this paper even to touch upon the 

 forest-policy of all the nations which might justly claim atten- 

 tion, and I shall refer chiefly to those concerning which I have 

 been fortunate enough to gain some personal knowledge. 



To begin with Germany, we find about two-thirds of the 

 forests under more or less complete control of the state. It 

 will not be necessary in dealing with forest-policy in the German 

 empire to treat independently the different states of which it is 

 composed, because one principle lies at the root of forest-policy 

 in each of them, which may be fully illustrated by reference to 

 any one. This principle, special to no country or form of 

 government, holds that " The state is the guardian of all public 

 interests." It is in its interpretation that, for the purposes of 

 this paper, its chief interest lies. From this point of view 

 " public interests " must be taken to mean all interests other 

 than private ones. So understood, this maxim may be said to 

 sum up the forest-policy of nearly all the nations of Europe, 

 as well under republican as under governments of a distinctly 

 paternal character. For its illustration I will describe in few 

 words the forest-organization of the kingdom of Prussia. 



Covering an area of some 20,000,000 acres, the forests of 

 Prussia occupy twenty-three per cent, of the total surface of 

 the country. Their ownership — a point of capital importance 

 in relation to our subject — is divided as follows : To the state 

 belong nearly 6,000,000 acres, or twenty-nine per cent. ; to 

 towns, village communities and other public bodies, sixteen 

 per cent., and to private owners rather more than half the total 

 area, or fifty-five per cent. 



The relation of the state to the forests which it owns is sim- 

 ple and rational. Holding it as a duty to preserve them for the 

 present share which they take in the economy of the nation, 

 the state has recognized also the obligation to hand down 

 its forest-wealth unimpaired to future generations. It has 

 recognized and respected equally the place which the forest 

 holds in relation to agriculture and in the economy of nature, 

 and hence feels itself doubly bound to protect its woodlands. 

 It has, therefore, steadily refused to deliver them to more or 

 less speedy destruction by allowing them to pass into the 

 hands of shorter lived and less provident owners. Even in 

 the times of greatest financial difficulty, when Prussia was 



