16 J). C. DA. TIES ON THE UPPER CARBONIFEROUS' 



of group 2, which are sometimes gypsiferous, become in other places 

 coarse grits interlaminated with sandstones and yellow, white, and 

 greenish marls, which contain plants and small seams of impure 

 coal. Group 3 is variously described. In places it is made up of 

 limestones and marls, in others of red grits and conglomerates, and, 

 again, of red sands with copper ores ; occasionally there is much 

 sulphur and asphalte. Group 4 consists of sandstones and con- 

 glomerates. 



Section 2 is one given by Mr. Binney* of the strata at Canobie. 

 Mr. Binney describes the upper Coal-measures, group 1, as the 

 highest in the kingdom. He considers the Permian to begin with 

 the lowest breccia in group 2. These breccias are made up of 

 Carboniferous gritstones and limestones. They are interstratified 

 with red shales containing rootlets of Stigmaria Jicoides, and also 

 with a bed of limestone together with brown sandstones. Group 3 

 consists of red shaly clays with bands of gritstone and thin veins 

 of gypsum. These are surmounted by a brown sandstone (group 4), 

 which Mr. Binney considers to be the equivalent of the sandstone of 

 Shawk and St. Bees on the south, and of Glenzier and Cove on the 

 north. 



Section 3 is the one I have already referred to as described by 

 the late Sir E. I. Murchison and Prof. Harkness t- They describe 

 the base of group 2, as consisting chiefly of fragments of Carboni- 

 ferous Limestone ; this is succeeded by red sandstone, followed by 

 breccias which are sometimes rotten, and which are capped by rocks 

 containing quartz-crystals passing into fine-grained breccia con- 

 taining fragments of slate rocks. They give the thickness of this 

 group as 2000 ft. ; but this estimate should, I think, be taken with 

 some reserve. The base of group 3 is interesting as being composed 

 of shales from which the authors collected the following plant- 

 remains : — 



Spbenopteris Naumanni . 

 dichotoma. 



sp. 



Alethopteris Gceppertii. 

 TJllmannia selaginoides. 

 Bronni. 



Odontopteris, sp. 

 Cardiocarpon triangularis. 

 Portions of coniferous wood. 



The impure limestones of this group, the authors take to be the 

 equivalent of that of Barrowmouth, and together with that, the 

 equivalent also of the more largely developed magnesian limestones 

 of the north-eastern counties. 



The sandstone of group 4, they describe as being identical in 

 mineral character with sandstones on the same horizon in East 

 Cumberland and Westmoreland. 



Section 4 was originally described by the late Prof. Sedgwick J, 



* "Triassic Strata of Cumberland and Dumfries," Memoirs of the Philosophical 

 Society of Manchester, vol. ii. 3rd series, p. 315 et seq. 



t "The Permian Eocks of the North-west of England," Quart, Journ. 

 Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 144. 



| Geol. Soc. Trans, new series, vol. iv. p. 398. 



