AND CIRQUES IN NORWAY AND GREENLAND. 151 



creasing towards the central parts. The rate of motion is only half 

 that of the glacier of Jakobshavn. 



Kangerdlugssuak Fjord, situated in Umanak district at about 

 71° 15' N. lat., is one of middle sizo, producing bergs, which, how- 

 ever, are not sufficiently numerous to prevent one from reaching the 

 glacier in a boat. The scenery on the way is very fine, the moun- 

 tains, as already mentioned, rising steeply from the sea to a height 

 of 2000 metres. Their summits arc often divided into sharp aiguilles, 

 and numerous valleys descend between the peaks. There are often 

 glaciers remanies ; some descend to the sea, some protrude from 

 gloomy cirques, the steep sides of which effectually protect their 

 snows from the effect of the arctic summer sun. It is hardly pos- 

 sible to imagine a landscape more thickly studded with glaciers than 

 this. From the mouth of the sound between Upernivik Island and 

 the mainland to the base of the Great Glacier descending from tho 

 Inland Ice at the end of Kangerdlugssuak Fjord is a long day's jour- 

 ney, in which not less than forty-seven glaciers are passed. The 

 accompanying map (fig. 1, p. 152), though only sketched in without 

 measurements, will give a general idea of the configuration of the 

 country and the number of its glaciers. 



The mountains in this fjord, though a littlo lower than those in 

 the sound by Upernivik Island, descend precipitously to the water 

 at angles of eighty degrees from heights of full 1000 metres. The 

 glacier at the head terminates as usual in a steep wall advancing 

 into the fjord with a convex outline, so that the end of the central 

 part is some thousand metres in advance of that of the sides. The 

 only landing-place which could be found near the glacier was on 

 the moraine, and that was rendered dangerous by the " calving " of 

 the ice. 



The glacier itself is, as usual, impassable from being broken into 

 seracs by crevasses (fig. 2) ; the moraine here rises to a height of from 

 15 to 20 metres, and its summit commands a very peculiar view. Near 

 both sides of the projecting end of the glacier described above, two 

 glaciers remanies are seen high up on the mountain-side, from which 

 ice avalanches are discharged. Down the fjord is a view of the 

 numerous glaciers that have been passed en route, and looking upward 

 towards the Inland Ice the moraine can be traced for a long distance ; 

 but the view over the Inland Ice itself is partly obstructed by three 

 high island-like rock-masses (Nunatalcs) rising above the glacier, 

 between which branches from the Inland Ice descend to form the 

 glacier of Kangerdlugssuak. I had intended, if possible, to reach 

 the great ice-fjord of Umiamako from this place by ascending the 

 glacier of Kangerdlugssuak, and traversing the Inland Ice till I 

 reached the elevation which commands a view over Umiamako. 

 Partly on the moraine, partly on the glacier, and partly along its 

 rocky side I succeeded in advancing about one geographical mile. 

 Here, however, the moraine disappeared as the crcvasscd glacier 

 came close up against the precipitous mountain-side, so I was com- 

 pelled to turn back about the point where the mount a in-wall bounding 

 the glacier bends northward. It might bo possible for a traveller, 



