674 E. L. JACK AND J. HOENE ON GLACIAL LEIFT 



towards the south-east it debouched on the plains of Prance, while 

 towards the north it probably swelled the glacier of the Rhine ; 

 when we take into account that in the eastern Alps, glacial deposits 

 have been met with in the valleys of the Trail n and the Inn not 

 far from their junction with the Danube, surely the inference is 

 natural that the valleys of the Carpathians must likewise have 

 possessed considerable glaciers, when a portion of the chain lies in 

 the same latitude *. The Carpathians may be said to form a great 

 crescent-shaped range, the north-western extremity of which ter- 

 minates at Presburg, near Vienna. Prom this point it sweeps east- 

 wards, forming the northern rampart of Hungary ; and after cir- 

 cling round the sources of the Theiss, it bounds Transylvania on 

 the east and the south, joining the Danube again at Orsova. The 

 whole range lies mostly between the 45th and 49th parallels of 

 latitude. 



B. Previous References to tlie Occurrence of Glacial Drift in the 

 Northern Portion of the Range. 



As yet the officers of the Austrian Geological Survey under Yon 

 Hauer have only noted the existence of glacial deposits in the 

 northern portion of the range, to which the following brief allu- 

 sions are made in the explanations accompanying the geological 

 maps : — (a) ' Geologische Uebersichtskarte der osterreichisch-un- 

 garischen Monarchic,' Blatt iii. p. 532, 1869. " Glacier drift in 

 the form of large moraines along with boulders are specially notice- 

 able on the north and south sides of the High Tatra." (b) ' Geolo- 

 gische Uebersichtskarte der osterr.-ungar. Monarchic,' Blatt iv. 

 p. 394, 1872. " After the same manner as in the eastern part of 

 sheet 3, the diluvial and alluvial deposits are developed. In the 

 northern part, as far south as the edge of the high plateau, the 

 sand and shingle (Sdiotter) of the erratic diluvium are abundant ; 

 while to the south of the plateau, as far as the edge of the Carpa- 

 thians, loess is abundant." 



In Yon Hauer 's recent work, ' Die Geologie und ihre Anwendung 

 auf die Kenntniss der BodenbeschafFenheit der osterr.-ungar. Mo- 

 narchic,' p. 122, the following reference is made to the drift : — 

 "In the Carpathians, which no longer possess glaciers, we find 

 traces of their former presence in the shape of immense moraines 

 on the southern slopes of the Tatra." 



Another and more detailed reference to this subject is to be found 

 in a paper by J. ixledzwiedzki, ' Beitrage zur Geologie der Karpathen ' 

 (Jahrbuch der k.-k. geologischen lleichsanstalt, 1876, vol. xxvi. 

 p. 331). This author says: — "At higher levels than the modern allu- 

 vium of the river Sau occurs a deposit of chalky loam 15 metres thick, 

 from which the author has obtained the remains of Elephas primi- 

 genius, and which he therefore considers diluvial loess. In places 



* Vide the last edition of the ' Great Ice Age,' p. 419 et seq., where an 

 admirable summary is given of the evidence bearing on the former extension of 

 the Swiss glaciers. 



