AT WINDY KNOLL, CASTLETON, DERBYSHIRE. 729 



The number of young bisons under three months old confirms the 

 conclusion at which I had arrived in the paper already laid before 

 the Society* as to the presence of that animal in the district in the 

 summer, while the absence of young reindeer of that age renders it 

 very probable that the reindeer herds were here in the winter. 

 The association of these two forms in this deposit proves the truth 

 of the views held by Lyell and myself as to the seasonal migration 

 of the Pleistocene animals. The remains of the other species need 

 no remark. 



This vast accumulation of the remains of the animals, amounting 

 altogether to 6800 catalogued specimens (4195 in the present explo- 

 ration), was found in an area not more than 25 x 18 x 8 feet, and 

 was obviously the result of the animals crowding into the pools and 

 being drowned. It is on the route by which the bisons and rein- 

 deer must have passed from the pastures of the valley of Hope over 

 the Pennine Chain into the plains of Cheshire, the two passes of the 

 Winnetts and Mam Tor converging at that very point. It is an 

 exact parallel to those great accumulations of the remains of bison 

 which, according to the recent admirable monograph of Dr. Allen 

 (" On the American Bisons," Memoirs of Museum of Comparative 

 Anatomy at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., iv. no. 10) and the 

 numerous accounts of travellers in the far west, whiten the sides of 

 the drinking-places, and show the former range of the animal over 

 a vast tract from which it has been driven by the hunters. 



8. The Deposit of late Pleistocene Age. — On reviewing the whole 

 evidence as to the age of this remarkable deposit, the great numbers 

 of reindeer and bison, coupled with the absence of the extinct spe- 

 cies, such as the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, which have been 

 found in the district, induce me to refer it to the late Pleistocene 

 age, and to a later era than that of the caves of Creswell Crags. 

 It may probably be referred to a time when the hyaana, lion, mam- 

 moth, and rhinoceros were no longer found in the district. And it 

 may be correlated with the ossiferous gravel discovered by Captain 

 Luard at Windsor in 1866, in which the bison, reindeer, horse, bear, 

 and wolf were lying side by side, as well as with that near Rugby, 

 which furnished the remains of the bison and reindeer submitted to 

 me by the Rev. J. M. Wilson. 



* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. p. 246. 



