22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Communities of the thicket and forest margin. These are closely 

 related to the open woodland communities which prefer dense underbrush, 

 represented by such species as the White-eyed vireo, Black and White 

 warbler, Worm-eating warbler, Golden-winged warbler, Blue-winged 

 warbler. Yellow warbler, Chestnut-sided warbler, Prairie warbler, Mary- 

 land yellowthroat, Yellow-breasted chat, Field sparrow, Towhee, Cardinal, 

 Indigo bunting. Catbird, Brown thrasher. 



Communities of the mixed and coniferous forests. Many of our 

 species are almost never found except in woodlands with a fair admixture 

 of coniferous trees or with a preponderance of them. To this group belong 

 the Sharp-shinned hawk. Goshawk, Broad-winged hawk. Long-eared owl, 

 Saw-whet owl, Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Whippoorwill, Bluejay, Blue- 

 headed vireo, Brown creeper. Black-throated green warbler. Chickadee 

 and Hermit thrush. 



Communities of the coniferous forest. Practically confined to the 

 pine forests, especially those of pitch and red pine, is the Pine warbler. 

 To the spruce and balsam forests belong the Canada grouse, Arctic three- 

 toed woodpecker, American three-toed -^oodpecker, Olive-sided flycatcher. 

 Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Canada jay. Raven, American crossbill. White- 

 winged crossbill, Pine siskin. Winter wren, Red-breasted nuthatch, 

 Hudsonian chickadee. Golden crowned kinglet, Bicknell thrush, Olive- 

 backed thrush. Myrtle warbler and Black-poll warbler. Practically con- 

 fined to spruce, pine or hemlock forests are the Magnolia warbler. Black- 

 throated green warbler and Blackburnian warbler. 



Communities of the culture formations. The shade tree and orchard 

 community includes a few species which have adapted themselves so much 

 to civilized conditions that their breeding site is more confined to these 

 situations than to the open woodland formation to which they probably 

 belonged at the beginning. In this are included such species as the 

 Kingbird, Baltimore oriole, Purple grackle, Bronzed grackle, American 

 Goldfinch, Chipping sparrow, Cedar waxwing, Warbling vireo, Robin, 

 Bluebird. This community is often joined by other representatives from 



