Dammerman: Fauna of the Krakatau Islands. 65 



short visit. With the light trap several species of moths were caught; by 

 the second method I got many beetles, the total of Coleoptera from 

 Krakatau, which was 23 in 1908, being brought up to 115, of which numbe^* 

 nearly half was collected by sifting. 



Certainly a great part of the increase of species is due to these methods 

 and the time for research being so much longer, but there are doubtless 

 many species or even groups of animals found in 1920 — 1Q21 which probably 

 invaded the islands after 1908. 



Jacobson stated positively that no mammals existed on the islands in 

 1908. He writes that even at night not a single bat was seen. Nowadays, 

 strolling through the wood, every moment one disturbs bats and at night 

 they are not rare, either on Krakatau or Verlaten I. Of this order, which 

 apparently was not represented on the islands in 1908, two species were 

 found on Krakatau and one on Verlaten I. Mr. BODEN KLOSS of the F. M.S. 

 Museums, Kuala Lumpur, has kindly examined the species. One is a sub- 

 species of Cynoptenis hor s fieldt GRAY and the other Cynoptenis sphinx 

 tithaecheiliis Temm, or C. angulatus MILLER; the latter species was found 

 on both islands. The specimens caught were too young for a certain 

 determination. 



In April 1921, when we were at anchor at Sebesy, several nights we 

 observed a great number of Flying-foxes, coming from Sebuku (Seboekoe) 

 or the Sumatra coast. Some of these seemed to fly over Sebesy in the 

 direction of Krakatau; it is not impossible that these large bats also visit 

 this island to enjoy the fruits, especially of Ficus trees. In the daytime I 

 have never seen a Flying-fox on Krakatau or Verlaten I. The above mentioned 

 Cynopterus-spQcies are also fruit-eating bats and it may be that these animals 

 did not invade the islands before the fruit trees, and particularly Ficus trees 

 were to a greater extent matured. 



The many caves on the coast of Sebuku were said to contain bats in 

 abundance. ! have not visited these caves but could examine some of the 

 caves and holes along the rocky coast of Krakatau N. E. and E. ; but no 

 bats or other cave-dwelling animals were found ; also in the evening no 

 bats were seen flying from out of the caves. 



Another mammal, not yet present in 1908, was rather abundant on 

 Krakatau in 1920 — 1921, namely house rats {Rattas rattiis diardi JENT.). 

 This rat has been found not only on the S. E. side of Krakatau, where 

 most of the collecting has been done, but also at Zwarte Hoek. I was 

 surprised to find this species as well at the opposite side of the island, 

 because this animal was undoubtedly introduced by man. 



This introduction probably took place in or shortly after 1917, when 

 Mr. Handl settled on the S. E. part of Krakatau to gather volcanic 

 materials. In the vicinity of his house, built of wood and bamboo, now a 

 mass of ruins (October 1921), many house rats were trapped; litters also 

 were found (December 1919). Most likely the rats reached Krakatau hidden 



