98 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums  [Vovr. VIII, 
C. At somewhat lower elevations this Tenasserimese 
element becomes more strongly marked and certain genera 
occur that are not represented in the Malay Peninsula 
(Rimator, Alcurus), though others which are found in the 
Malay Peninsula are not represented (Cutia, Gampsorhynchus, 
Siva, Pseudominla.) With this element also is present a larger 
proportion of what may be termed Himalayo-Sondaic species, 
i.e., Closely allied forms of genera of wide distribution, which 
in most Cases are represented at medium elevations from the 
Himalayas to the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and Borneo, 
ranging on in some cases to the lesser Sunda Ids. and the 
Philippines. Such genera are Heteroxenicus, Cryptolopha, 
Garrulax, Muscicapula and Stachyris. 
In Sumatra this element at lower elevations submerges and 
swamps the Tenasserimese forms and is itself finally merged 
in the ordinary Indo-Malayan fauna which spreads, almost un- 
modified, over the greater Sunda Islands, the Malay Peninsula 
and Southern Tenasserim, though in Java a certain differentia- 
tion begins to show itself. This fauna may be typified by such 
genera as Eurylaemus, Miglyptes, Lepocestes, Pyrotrogon, Rhopo- 
dytes and Cyanops. 
In conclusion it is borne-in on the student of the geo- 
ornithology of the high mountains of Indo-Malaya that the 
most dominant fact is that the peculiar elements in the fauna 
of Kinabalu and of Borneo generally are far more differentiated 
than those of any other district in Indo-Malaya. Not only 
does that mountain possess several distinct genera but even its 
Indo-Malayan species, such, for instance, as Avachnothera 
guliae, Calyptomena whiteheadi, Pyrotrogon whiteheadi, are far 
more distinct from other members of the genus than are the 
endemic forms of Sumatra, Java and the Malay Peninsula, 
which usually stand in little more than subspecific relation to 
each other. 
With the exception of the somewhat doubtful Pycnonotine 
form, Gymmnocrotaphus, Sumatra possesses no peculiar avian 
genus, though it shares with the Himalayas the highly peculiar 
form, Rimator, and with the Malay Peninsula the barbet 
Psilopogon. The Malay Peninsula possesses no peculiar form 
and Java has but two, Psaltria and Laniellus, sharing with the 
Himalayas the finch Hypocanthis. 
Kinabalu alone, on the other hand, possesses the following, 
absolutely confined to Borneo, which in addition possesses 
several other genera, notably Pityriasis and Lobiophasis of vary- 
ing degrees of distinctness. 
The Kinabalu genera are :— 
Chlanwydochaera. Oreoctistes. 
A llocotops. Haematortyx. 
These facts lend support to the theory that in early 
tertiary times Borneo was of very much smaller extent than is 
at present the case, having a very indented coast and much 
Expedition to Korinchi: 
