1918. ] H. C. Ropinson & C. B. Kross: Birds. 237 
All the fully adult birds have the outer primary coverts 
entirely crimson, but there is much variation associated with 
age in this character. Most writers appear to regard the sexes 
in this group of Orioles as practically identical but in the large 
series before us no female: has more than one or two small 
crimson feathers on the breast, while the primary coverts are 
nearly always uniform black. 
There is not the slightest doubt that O. vulneratus, Sharpe, 
from the mountains of Borneo, O. consanguineus, (Wardl. 
Rams.), from the mountains of Sumatra and the form from 
the Malay Peninsula, which at present possesses no name, are, 
if not strictly identical, at anyrate exceedingly closely allied 
subspecies; but in the absence of series from Borneo at all 
comparable with those before us from Sumatra and the Malay 
Peninsula we prefer to leave the nomenclature as it stands and 
not to unite all three forms under O. consanguineus or to name 
the Peninsular form. Local distinctions, if they are ultimately 
proved to exist, will probably be found to le in the dimensions 
rather than in colour. 
The Javan form, Ortolus cruentus, is certainly distinct 
from the others, having the black parts of a velvety black, with 
no tinge whatever ofa steely green, which is well marked in 
Malayan and Sumatran species. The outer primary crests are 
uniform black and the scarlet of the abdomen is more 
restricted. 
166. Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.). 
Lanius leucorhynchus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, 
p- 306 (1822). 
Artamus leucogaster, Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv, 
p. 204 (1879); Snelleman in Veth’s Midden-Sumatra Exped. 
Vogels, iv, p. 42 (1884); Buttikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. ix, 
p- 46 (1887) ; Vorderman, Nat. Tijd. Nederl. Ind. xlix, p. 398, 
no. 173 (1889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiii, p. 3 (1890) ; 
Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) xii, p. 56 (1891). 
Artamus leucorhynchus, Hartert, Nov. Zool: ix, p. 207 
(1902). 
ac. 24, £ %.  Sumgei Penoh, Korinchi. Valley, 
Sumatra, 2,700 feet. gth-11th March, rgr4. 
[NosttE, 2, 63: | 
d. 1 %. Siolak Daras, Korinchi Valley, Sumatra, ” 
3,000 feet. 23rd March, 1914. [No. 356.] 
e-w. g $,11 ¥. Sandaran Agong, Korinchi Valley, 
Sumatra, 2,450 feet. 24th May-6th June, 
1914. [Nos. 1621-4, 1644, 1669-70, 1601, 
I710-1II, 1717-9, 1799, 1800, 1851, 1862-4, 
1875.] 
“Tris hazel or dark hazel, bill pale blue slate, extreme tip 
black, feet mealy slate.” 
Part Il; Vertebrata, 
