﻿1 
  \V. 
  A. 
  LAMBORX. 
  

  

  M. 
  rossii 
  is 
  at 
  the 
  opposite 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  scale 
  from 
  A 
  r 
  . 
  willmori 
  and 
  is 
  a 
  puddle 
  breeder." 
  

   Elsewhere 
  (p. 
  Ill) 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  book 
  he 
  describes 
  the 
  situations 
  in 
  which 
  he 
  obtained 
  

   Anopheline 
  larvae 
  in 
  the 
  Bukit 
  Gantang 
  valley 
  — 
  enormous 
  numbers 
  of 
  A. 
  barbhoslris 
  

   and 
  A 
  . 
  hyrcanus 
  {sinensis) 
  in 
  the 
  paddi 
  fields, 
  A. 
  subpictus 
  var. 
  malayensis 
  (rossii) 
  

   in 
  pools 
  near 
  to 
  the 
  houses 
  and 
  A. 
  aconitus 
  (albiroslris) 
  in 
  a 
  stream 
  running 
  through 
  

   paddi 
  fields 
  and 
  in 
  swamp}' 
  grass 
  through 
  which 
  water 
  was 
  flowing 
  slowly. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  C. 
  Strickland 
  * 
  endeavoured, 
  after 
  a 
  five 
  years' 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  question, 
  to 
  define 
  

   what 
  is 
  a 
  typical 
  breeding-place 
  of 
  a 
  certain 
  species 
  by 
  tabulating 
  certain 
  character- 
  

   istics 
  of 
  the 
  surroundings 
  in 
  which 
  it 
  was 
  found 
  ; 
  but 
  as 
  Dr. 
  Hacker 
  has 
  pointed 
  out.t 
  

   " 
  the 
  attempt 
  showed 
  the 
  impossibility 
  of 
  doing 
  this, 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  very 
  large 
  number 
  

   of 
  not 
  accurately 
  measurable 
  characteristics 
  that 
  have 
  to 
  be 
  classified." 
  Dr. 
  Hacker 
  

   nevertheless 
  continued 
  the 
  same 
  line 
  of 
  investigation 
  in 
  the 
  hope 
  of 
  establishing 
  

   a 
  definite 
  association 
  between 
  certain 
  species 
  and 
  a 
  definitely 
  recognisable 
  type 
  of 
  

   breeding-place, 
  and 
  basing 
  his 
  conclusions 
  on 
  an 
  examination 
  in 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  three 
  

   years 
  of 
  no 
  fewer 
  than 
  4,949 
  breeding-places 
  and 
  the 
  identification 
  of 
  39,605 
  specimens, 
  

   suggestedj 
  that 
  the 
  species 
  may 
  be 
  grouped 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  manner 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  " 
  Group 
  1, 
  depending 
  on 
  a 
  common 
  preference 
  for 
  small 
  open 
  pools 
  or 
  open 
  hilly 
  

   country 
  : 
  A. 
  kochi, 
  A. 
  vagus, 
  A. 
  maculatus, 
  A. 
  karwari, 
  and 
  A. 
  ludlowi. 
  The 
  last 
  of 
  

   these 
  species 
  may 
  separate 
  itself 
  from 
  this 
  group 
  as 
  the 
  chief 
  member 
  of 
  a 
  salt-water 
  

   fauna 
  when 
  further 
  data 
  have 
  been 
  collected. 
  

  

  " 
  Group 
  2, 
  depending 
  on 
  a 
  preference 
  for 
  large 
  swamp}' 
  pools 
  or 
  low-lying 
  country 
  : 
  

   A. 
  barbirostris, 
  A. 
  hyrcanus, 
  A. 
  aconitus, 
  A. 
  f 
  uliginosus 
  , 
  A 
  . 
  subpictus 
  var. 
  malayensis, 
  

   A. 
  separatus, 
  A. 
  tesscllatus, 
  A. 
  umbrosus, 
  and 
  probably 
  A. 
  aurirostris. 
  The 
  last 
  three 
  

   may 
  separate 
  themselves 
  later 
  into 
  a 
  jungle 
  swamp 
  fauna, 
  leaving 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  group 
  

   as 
  an 
  open 
  swamp 
  fauna. 
  

  

  " 
  Group 
  3, 
  depending 
  on 
  a 
  preference 
  for 
  jungle, 
  probably 
  hilly 
  jungle 
  : 
  A. 
  aitkeni, 
  

   A. 
  leucosphyrus, 
  A. 
  albotaeniatus 
  var. 
  montanus 
  and 
  A. 
  novumbrosus. 
  

  

  " 
  Group 
  4, 
  species 
  with 
  highly 
  specialised 
  breeding-places 
  : 
  A. 
  asiaticus." 
  

  

  He, 
  however, 
  weakens 
  the 
  validity 
  of 
  his 
  conclusions 
  by 
  himself 
  pointing 
  out 
  

   (p. 
  24) 
  " 
  that 
  the 
  groups 
  are 
  not 
  sharply 
  delimited 
  shows 
  that 
  the 
  species 
  are 
  not 
  

   strictly 
  limited 
  in 
  their 
  choice 
  of 
  breeding-place 
  but 
  have 
  a 
  certain 
  amount 
  of 
  adapt- 
  

   ability." 
  Elsewhere 
  (p. 
  7) 
  Dr. 
  Hacker 
  states 
  that 
  he, 
  also, 
  has 
  found 
  it 
  " 
  quite 
  

   impossible 
  to 
  classify 
  the 
  characteristics 
  of 
  breeding-places 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  constitute 
  a 
  descrip- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  typical 
  breeding- 
  place 
  of 
  each 
  species." 
  The 
  latitude 
  as 
  to 
  breeding 
  habits 
  

   is 
  indeed 
  brought 
  out 
  in 
  his 
  own 
  " 
  Association 
  Value 
  Tables 
  " 
  put 
  forward 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  

   paper, 
  e.g. 
  (p. 
  14) 
  he 
  finds 
  in 
  544 
  collections 
  an 
  association 
  of 
  A. 
  kochi 
  (group 
  1) 
  with 
  

   A. 
  hyrcanus 
  78 
  times 
  and 
  with 
  A. 
  barbirostris 
  30 
  times 
  (these 
  two 
  species 
  being 
  placed 
  

   by 
  him 
  in 
  group 
  2) 
  : 
  an 
  association 
  in 
  816 
  collections 
  of 
  A. 
  vagus 
  (group 
  1) 
  with 
  

   A. 
  hyrcanus 
  84 
  times 
  and 
  with 
  A. 
  barbirostris 
  64 
  times. 
  

  

  Although 
  the 
  experience 
  gained 
  from 
  the 
  work 
  of 
  one 
  year 
  hardly 
  entitles 
  the 
  

   writer 
  to 
  express 
  an 
  authoritative 
  opinion, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  said 
  summarily 
  that 
  the 
  result 
  of 
  

   his 
  own 
  investigations 
  has 
  been 
  to 
  enforce 
  Dr. 
  Hacker's 
  qualification 
  at 
  the 
  expense 
  of 
  

   his 
  main 
  thesis. 
  In 
  the 
  face 
  of 
  the 
  mass 
  of 
  data 
  accumulated 
  and 
  presented 
  below 
  

   it 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  accept 
  as 
  of 
  any 
  great 
  value 
  the 
  suggestion 
  that 
  the 
  open 
  country 
  

   Anophelines 
  (which 
  are 
  all 
  comprised 
  within 
  groups 
  1 
  and 
  2) 
  prefer 
  for 
  breeding 
  either 
  

   " 
  open 
  hilly 
  country 
  " 
  or 
  " 
  low-lying 
  country 
  " 
  ; 
  for 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  all 
  species 
  at 
  all 
  

   common 
  were 
  obtained 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  level 
  and 
  in 
  great 
  abundance 
  round 
  Kuala 
  Lampur, 
  

   and 
  though 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  certainly 
  seem 
  to 
  exhibit 
  preference 
  either 
  for 
  " 
  small 
  

   open 
  pools 
  " 
  or 
  for 
  " 
  large 
  swampy 
  pools," 
  exceptions 
  are 
  quite 
  numerous. 
  

  

  For 
  the 
  purpose 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  paper 
  some 
  actual 
  examples 
  of 
  the 
  exceptions 
  

   which 
  came 
  within 
  the 
  experience 
  of 
  the 
  writer 
  may 
  be 
  recorded. 
  A. 
  vagus 
  comes 
  

  

  * 
  Unpublished 
  repjrt 
  at 
  Malaria 
  Bureau. 
  

  

  f 
  F.M.S. 
  Malaria 
  Bureau 
  Annual 
  Report 
  for 
  1918. 
  

  

  } 
  F.M.S. 
  Malaria 
  Bureau 
  Reports, 
  ii, 
  1920. 
  

  

  