﻿220 
  

  

  R. 
  J. 
  TILLYARD. 
  

  

  alongside 
  the 
  front 
  border 
  of 
  the 
  wings. 
  The 
  legs 
  are 
  hunched 
  up 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  knees 
  

   are 
  drawn 
  back 
  to 
  the 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  eyes, 
  the 
  tibiae 
  and 
  tarsi 
  lying 
  ventrally 
  along 
  the 
  

   first 
  four 
  abdominal 
  segments. 
  The 
  whole 
  pupa 
  is 
  at 
  first 
  of 
  a 
  soft 
  creamy 
  white 
  

   colour, 
  except 
  for 
  a 
  slight 
  darkening 
  of 
  the 
  anal 
  end, 
  and 
  the 
  mandibles, 
  which 
  are 
  

   a 
  rich 
  brown. 
  This 
  is 
  well 
  shown 
  in 
  Plate 
  iv, 
  fig. 
  10. 
  The 
  head, 
  legs 
  and 
  abdomen 
  

   are 
  freely 
  movable, 
  and 
  the 
  mandibles 
  are 
  also 
  capable 
  of 
  movement 
  in 
  one 
  plane 
  

   only. 
  The 
  pupa 
  is 
  able 
  to 
  lift 
  its 
  head 
  up 
  to 
  a 
  considerable 
  extent 
  ; 
  this 
  attitude 
  

   is 
  shown 
  in 
  Plate 
  iv, 
  fig. 
  11 
  ; 
  but 
  it 
  usually 
  rests 
  with 
  its 
  head 
  downwards 
  as 
  in 
  

   fig. 
  10. 
  

  

  Text-fig. 
  10 
  shows 
  the 
  structure 
  of 
  the 
  front 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  head. 
  There 
  are 
  no 
  

   ocelli, 
  but 
  the 
  compound 
  eyes 
  are 
  well 
  developed, 
  and 
  placed 
  far 
  apart, 
  with 
  the 
  large 
  

   bases 
  of 
  the 
  antennae 
  between 
  them. 
  The 
  latter 
  consists 
  of 
  about 
  54 
  segments, 
  of 
  

   which 
  the 
  basal 
  one 
  is 
  larger 
  than 
  the 
  others 
  ; 
  the 
  moniliform 
  appearance 
  of 
  the 
  

   antennae 
  is 
  well 
  seen 
  in 
  Plate 
  iv, 
  fig. 
  10. 
  The 
  frons 
  is 
  clearly 
  divided 
  from 
  the 
  

   epicranium 
  by 
  an 
  impressed 
  transverse 
  line 
  ; 
  the 
  middle 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  frons 
  projects 
  

   forwards 
  slightly 
  as 
  shown 
  in 
  text-fig. 
  10. 
  Attached 
  to 
  this 
  middle 
  portion 
  is 
  the 
  

   clypeo-labrum, 
  which 
  is 
  now 
  clearly 
  divided 
  into 
  a 
  smaller 
  upper 
  clypeus 
  and 
  a 
  larger 
  

   lower 
  labrum, 
  the 
  free 
  margin 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  well 
  rounded, 
  and 
  notched 
  in 
  the 
  middle. 
  

   The 
  huge 
  mandibles 
  (shaded 
  in 
  text-fig. 
  10) 
  project 
  downwards 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  two 
  

   broad-bladed, 
  strongly 
  curved 
  and 
  sharply 
  pointed 
  knife-like 
  appendages, 
  having 
  

   the 
  lower 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  inner 
  margin 
  convex, 
  the 
  outer 
  half 
  strongly 
  concave, 
  and 
  the 
  

   angle 
  between 
  them 
  deeply 
  notched 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  form 
  two 
  strong 
  teeth 
  placed 
  close 
  together. 
  

   Their 
  length 
  is 
  1-8 
  mm., 
  more 
  than 
  thrice 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  the 
  imaginal 
  mandibles 
  which 
  

   form 
  within 
  their 
  bases. 
  Their 
  function 
  is 
  to 
  tear 
  open 
  the 
  cocoon 
  for 
  the 
  exit 
  of 
  

   the 
  pupa 
  ; 
  it 
  is 
  also 
  possible 
  that 
  they 
  may 
  assist 
  the 
  pupa 
  in 
  its 
  progression 
  through 
  

   the 
  soil, 
  the 
  legs 
  being 
  almost 
  useless 
  for 
  this 
  purpose. 
  

  

  The 
  maxillae 
  are 
  fully 
  formed, 
  as 
  shown 
  in 
  text-fig. 
  \\a, 
  with 
  broad, 
  short 
  cardo 
  

   and 
  stipes, 
  lacinia, 
  galea 
  and 
  palp 
  complete. 
  The 
  lacinia 
  (Ic) 
  is 
  a 
  broad, 
  flat 
  process, 
  

   with 
  its 
  oblique 
  distal 
  margin 
  fringed 
  with 
  numerous 
  short 
  hairs. 
  The 
  galea 
  (g) 
  is 
  

   a 
  narrower, 
  somewhat 
  oval 
  process, 
  with 
  three 
  small 
  hairs 
  on 
  its 
  rounded 
  apex. 
  

   The 
  palp 
  [p) 
  is 
  fairly 
  long, 
  five-segmented,' 
  the 
  basal 
  segment 
  being 
  very 
  short, 
  the 
  

   2nd 
  twice 
  as 
  long, 
  the 
  3rd 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  the 
  first 
  two 
  taken 
  together, 
  the 
  4th 
  about 
  as 
  

   long 
  as 
  the 
  2nd, 
  and 
  the 
  5th 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  the 
  3rd, 
  but 
  narrower, 
  with 
  bluntly 
  rounded 
  

   apex 
  carrying 
  a 
  set 
  of 
  rather 
  short 
  bristles 
  ; 
  the 
  4th 
  segment 
  carries 
  a 
  set 
  of 
  longer 
  

   hairs 
  apically. 
  

  

  The 
  labium, 
  with 
  attached 
  hypopharynx, 
  is 
  shown 
  in 
  text-fig. 
  lib. 
  The 
  labium 
  

   itself 
  consists 
  only 
  of 
  a 
  broad, 
  short 
  base 
  carrying 
  two 
  large, 
  three-segmented 
  palpi, 
  

   in 
  which 
  the 
  basal 
  segment 
  is 
  the 
  shortest, 
  the 
  other 
  two 
  being 
  about 
  equal. 
  Setae 
  

   are 
  scattered 
  about 
  on 
  the 
  2nd 
  and 
  3rd 
  segments, 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  carries 
  a 
  set 
  of 
  stiff 
  

   apical 
  bristles. 
  The 
  hypopharynx 
  (hp) 
  consists, 
  as 
  in 
  other 
  Planipennia, 
  of 
  a 
  short, 
  

   bilobed 
  tongue-like 
  process 
  projecting 
  above 
  the 
  basal 
  piece 
  of 
  the 
  labium 
  ; 
  each 
  

   free 
  lobe 
  carries 
  a 
  few 
  short 
  setae. 
  

  

  A 
  day 
  or 
  two 
  before 
  the 
  imago 
  emerges, 
  the 
  pupa 
  turns 
  a 
  dark 
  smoky 
  colour, 
  

   w^hile 
  the 
  wing-sheaths 
  gradually 
  darken 
  until 
  they 
  become 
  quite 
  black 
  and 
  shiny. 
  

   During 
  the 
  later 
  part 
  of 
  pupal 
  life, 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  the 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  imago 
  within 
  

   those 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  can 
  be 
  watched 
  with 
  ease. 
  From 
  a 
  pupa 
  still 
  more 
  than 
  a 
  week 
  

   from 
  emergence, 
  and 
  not 
  yet 
  darkened 
  in 
  colour, 
  I 
  was 
  able 
  to 
  draw 
  out 
  undamaged 
  

   the 
  whole 
  of 
  the 
  imaginal 
  antennae, 
  mouth-parts 
  and 
  legs. 
  As 
  a 
  full 
  account 
  of 
  

   the 
  imago 
  has 
  already 
  been 
  given 
  in 
  my 
  previous 
  paper, 
  reference 
  should 
  be 
  made 
  

   to 
  it 
  for 
  a 
  comparison 
  of 
  the 
  pupal 
  parts 
  with 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  imago 
  itself. 
  In 
  general, 
  

   the 
  pupal 
  parts 
  are 
  much 
  paler, 
  somewhat 
  larger, 
  and 
  much 
  more 
  stoutly 
  built 
  

   than 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  imago, 
  but 
  their 
  general 
  shape 
  is 
  the 
  same 
  ; 
  the 
  only 
  exception 
  is 
  

   that 
  of 
  the 
  mandibles, 
  already 
  noted. 
  Some 
  details 
  of 
  interest 
  were 
  noted 
  in 
  the 
  

   formation 
  of 
  the 
  legs, 
  as 
  showTi 
  in 
  text-fig. 
  11 
  c, 
  d. 
  The 
  tibial 
  spurs 
  are 
  large 
  and 
  

   fleshy 
  in 
  the 
  pupa, 
  the 
  imaginal 
  spurs 
  being 
  much 
  longer 
  and 
  narrower, 
  as 
  shown 
  

  

  