﻿LIFE-HISTORY 
  OF 
  AUSTRALIAN 
  MOTH-LACEWING, 
  ITHONE 
  FUSCA, 
  NEWMAN. 
  221 
  

  

  in 
  d. 
  The 
  pupal 
  tarsus 
  consists 
  of 
  six 
  segments, 
  the 
  last 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  a 
  swollen 
  bulb, 
  

   shallowly 
  divided 
  into 
  two 
  rounded 
  apical 
  lobes. 
  From 
  this 
  segment 
  there 
  develop 
  

   the 
  two 
  claws 
  {cl) 
  and 
  the 
  empodium 
  {em), 
  as 
  shown 
  in 
  c. 
  The 
  lengths 
  of 
  the 
  tarsal 
  

   segments 
  of 
  the 
  imago 
  are 
  much 
  greater 
  than 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  pupa, 
  especially 
  the 
  5th, 
  

   so 
  that 
  the 
  boundaries 
  of 
  the 
  separate 
  segments 
  do 
  not 
  correspond. 
  The 
  brushes 
  

   of 
  strong 
  hairs 
  on 
  the 
  segments 
  of 
  the 
  imago 
  are 
  pressed 
  against 
  the 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  

   pupal 
  segments. 
  

  

  em 
  

  

  \A 
  

  

  Fig. 
  11. 
  Ithone 
  fusca, 
  Newm., 
  pupa 
  ; 
  a, 
  maxilla 
  ( 
  X 
  30), 
  with 
  galea 
  (g), 
  

   lacinia 
  (Ic), 
  and 
  palp 
  (p) 
  ; 
  b, 
  labium 
  and 
  hypopharynx 
  (hp) 
  (x 
  30) 
  ; 
  

  

  c, 
  portion 
  of 
  hind 
  tarsus 
  of 
  late 
  pupa, 
  showing 
  the 
  arrangement 
  of 
  

   the 
  segments 
  of 
  the 
  imaginal 
  tarsus 
  within, 
  and 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  the 
  

   claws 
  (cl) 
  and 
  empodium 
  (em) 
  from 
  the 
  terminal 
  pupal 
  segment; 
  

  

  d, 
  end 
  of 
  hind 
  tibia 
  of 
  late 
  pupa, 
  showing 
  formation 
  of 
  tibial 
  spurs 
  

   of 
  imago 
  (x 
  20). 
  

  

  The 
  cocoon 
  is 
  cut 
  open 
  at 
  about 
  one-fifth 
  of 
  its 
  length 
  from 
  the 
  head 
  end. 
  This 
  

   cut 
  is 
  quite 
  irregular, 
  and 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  mandibles 
  first 
  pushing 
  their 
  

   sharp 
  points 
  through 
  the 
  envelope, 
  and. 
  then 
  catching 
  the 
  torn 
  edge 
  between 
  the 
  

   two 
  pairs 
  of 
  teeth 
  and 
  ripping 
  it 
  sideways 
  until 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  cocoon 
  is 
  entirely 
  

   torn 
  off. 
  (The 
  tear 
  visible 
  in 
  the 
  cocoon 
  in 
  Plate 
  iv, 
  fig. 
  9, 
  was 
  not 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  

   insect.) 
  As 
  the 
  imagines 
  emerge 
  from 
  the 
  ground 
  about 
  sundown, 
  it 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  supposed 
  

   that 
  the 
  pupa, 
  after 
  getting 
  free 
  from 
  the 
  cocoon, 
  comes 
  to 
  rest 
  at 
  some 
  point 
  in 
  the 
  

   soil 
  where 
  the 
  warmth 
  of 
  the 
  sun 
  is 
  noticeable, 
  and 
  waits 
  until 
  a 
  slight 
  cooling 
  takes 
  

   place 
  before 
  the 
  imago 
  discloses 
  itself. 
  Most 
  of 
  the 
  cocoons 
  being 
  from 
  a 
  foot 
  to 
  more 
  

   than 
  two 
  feet 
  down 
  in 
  the 
  soil, 
  it 
  would 
  appear 
  impossible 
  for 
  the 
  pupa 
  itself 
  to 
  be 
  

   able 
  to 
  sense 
  the 
  position 
  of 
  the 
  sun 
  at 
  such 
  a 
  depth. 
  

  

  This 
  brings 
  the 
  account 
  of 
  this 
  remarkable 
  life-history 
  back 
  to 
  the 
  point 
  at 
  which 
  

   it 
  was 
  begun. 
  It 
  now 
  remains 
  for 
  me 
  to 
  discuss 
  the 
  feeding 
  habits 
  of 
  the 
  larva, 
  

   and 
  to 
  point 
  out 
  its 
  probable 
  value 
  in 
  the 
  field 
  of 
  economic 
  entomology 
  as 
  an 
  enemy 
  

   of 
  Grass-grubs. 
  

  

  