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  RICE 
  GRASSHOPPERS 
  OF 
  THE 
  GENUS 
  HIEROGLYPHUS 
  AND 
  

  

  THEIR 
  NEAREST 
  ALLIES. 
  

  

  By 
  B. 
  P. 
  Uvarov, 
  

  

  Assistant 
  Entomologist, 
  Imperial 
  Bureau 
  of 
  Entomology. 
  

  

  Species 
  of 
  the 
  genus 
  Hieroglyphics 
  are 
  well 
  known 
  in 
  India 
  as 
  serious 
  pests 
  of 
  rice, 
  

   sugar-cane, 
  Sorghum, 
  and 
  some 
  other 
  crops, 
  but 
  in 
  nearly 
  all 
  economic 
  entomological 
  

   publications 
  one 
  species 
  only, 
  H. 
  banian, 
  F. 
  (= 
  furcifer, 
  Serv.) 
  is 
  regarded 
  as 
  being 
  

   noxious. 
  It 
  is 
  obvious, 
  however, 
  from 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  earlier 
  descriptions 
  and 
  figures 
  

   that 
  there 
  is 
  more 
  than 
  one 
  injurious 
  species, 
  but 
  the 
  exact 
  status 
  of 
  each 
  one 
  of 
  

   them 
  could 
  not 
  be 
  established 
  even 
  in 
  more 
  recent 
  economic 
  publications 
  owing 
  to 
  

   the 
  very 
  unsatisfactory 
  state 
  of 
  the 
  systematics 
  of 
  this 
  group, 
  which 
  made 
  correct 
  

   identification 
  of 
  species 
  uncertain 
  even 
  for 
  a 
  specialist 
  and 
  quite 
  impossible 
  for 
  an 
  

   economic 
  entomologist. 
  It 
  is 
  true 
  that 
  comparatively 
  recently 
  I. 
  Bolivar 
  (1912) 
  

   and 
  J. 
  Carl 
  (1916) 
  published 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  comprehensive 
  papers 
  on 
  the 
  genus, 
  but 
  these 
  

   papers 
  are 
  not 
  revisions, 
  as 
  the 
  authors 
  did 
  not 
  include 
  all 
  the 
  known 
  species 
  and 
  

   hardly 
  touched 
  questions 
  of 
  synonymy 
  ; 
  moreover, 
  Carl's 
  paper, 
  though 
  published 
  

   four 
  years 
  after 
  that 
  of 
  Bolivar, 
  was 
  written 
  without 
  any 
  reference 
  to 
  the 
  latter, 
  

   which 
  resulted 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  species 
  being 
  described 
  twice 
  under 
  different 
  names, 
  

   thus 
  increasing 
  the 
  confusion. 
  Further, 
  both 
  these 
  authors 
  based 
  their 
  papers 
  on 
  

   insufficiently 
  extensive 
  material, 
  so 
  that 
  they 
  were 
  unable 
  to 
  appreciate 
  the 
  range 
  

   of 
  variation 
  in 
  the 
  species. 
  

  

  The 
  purpose 
  of 
  this 
  paper 
  is, 
  therefore, 
  to 
  give 
  a 
  critical 
  study 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  known 
  

   species 
  of 
  the 
  genus 
  Hieroglyphus 
  and 
  of 
  two 
  more 
  genera 
  closely 
  allied 
  to 
  it 
  and 
  liable 
  

   to 
  be 
  confused 
  with 
  it. 
  To 
  make 
  the 
  paper 
  of 
  more 
  practical 
  use 
  for 
  field 
  entomologists, 
  

   all 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  characters 
  used 
  to 
  separate 
  the 
  species 
  are 
  figured, 
  so 
  that 
  

   identification 
  of 
  specimens 
  by 
  the 
  keys 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  difficult. 
  

  

  The 
  bulk 
  of 
  the 
  material 
  on 
  which 
  the 
  paper 
  is 
  based 
  has 
  been 
  received 
  from 
  the 
  

   collection 
  of 
  the 
  Agricultural 
  Research 
  Institute, 
  Pusa, 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  courtesy 
  of 
  Mr. 
  T. 
  

   Bainbrigge 
  Fletcher, 
  to 
  whom 
  my 
  thanks 
  are 
  due. 
  I 
  am 
  much 
  obliged 
  also 
  to 
  Mr. 
  Y. 
  

   Ramachandra 
  Rao, 
  who 
  sent 
  me 
  material 
  from 
  the 
  Coimbatore 
  Agricultural 
  College 
  ; 
  

   to 
  Prof. 
  Dr. 
  Richard 
  Ebner, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  authorities 
  of 
  the 
  Wiener 
  Staats-museum 
  

   for 
  lending 
  me 
  material 
  from 
  that 
  Museum, 
  including 
  co-types 
  of 
  one 
  of 
  Brunner 
  v. 
  

   Wattenwyl's 
  species 
  ; 
  to 
  Dr. 
  Candido 
  Bolivar 
  for 
  sending 
  me 
  for 
  study 
  the 
  tvpe 
  of 
  

   one 
  of 
  I. 
  Bolivar's 
  species 
  ; 
  and 
  to 
  Dr. 
  W. 
  Lundbeck, 
  of 
  the 
  Zoological 
  Museum 
  in 
  

   Copenhagen, 
  who 
  sent 
  me 
  a 
  co-type 
  of 
  H. 
  banian, 
  Fabr. 
  

  

  The 
  three 
  genera 
  belonging 
  to 
  the 
  group 
  under 
  revision 
  may 
  be 
  separated 
  from 
  

   all 
  other 
  Acridians 
  by 
  the 
  following 
  combination 
  of 
  characters 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  Prosternum 
  armed 
  with 
  a 
  straight 
  conical 
  spine. 
  Mesosternal 
  lobes 
  with 
  the 
  hind 
  

   inner 
  angles 
  rounded. 
  Pronotum 
  cylindrical, 
  without 
  lateral 
  carinae, 
  without 
  or 
  with 
  

   but 
  a 
  feeble 
  and 
  incomplete 
  middle 
  carina, 
  with 
  3-4 
  transverse 
  sulci, 
  which 
  are 
  mostly 
  

   very 
  deep 
  (in 
  Parahieroglyphus 
  feeble, 
  but 
  distinct). 
  Hind 
  femora 
  with 
  the 
  upper 
  

   middle 
  keel 
  not 
  prolonged 
  into 
  a 
  tooth 
  at 
  the 
  apex. 
  Hind 
  tibiae 
  with 
  the 
  upper 
  

   margins 
  {i.e., 
  between 
  the 
  spines) 
  rounded, 
  not 
  expanded 
  ; 
  with 
  a 
  rigid 
  outer 
  apical 
  

   spine 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  two 
  movable 
  outer 
  apical 
  spurs. 
  Lower 
  valves 
  of 
  the 
  ovipositor 
  

   with 
  1-2 
  large 
  teeth, 
  but 
  not 
  serrate. 
  General 
  coloration 
  green, 
  yellowish, 
  or 
  brownish, 
  

   with 
  or 
  without 
  black 
  marks 
  on 
  pronotum, 
  sternum 
  and 
  hind 
  knees, 
  tibiae 
  and 
  tarsi. 
  

  

  