﻿A 
  FROGHOPPER 
  DAMAGING 
  CACAO 
  IN 
  PANAMA. 
  

  

  273 
  

  

  Front 
  smoothly 
  rounded 
  between 
  the 
  eyes, 
  meeting 
  the 
  vertex 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  plane 
  

   but 
  with 
  a 
  distinct 
  ridge 
  between 
  ; 
  vertex 
  slightly 
  depressed. 
  Pronotum 
  finely 
  and 
  

   indistinctly 
  striated 
  transversely, 
  about 
  sixteen 
  striations 
  across 
  the 
  middle 
  line, 
  

   these 
  being 
  more 
  distinct 
  posteriorly. 
  Fore 
  wings 
  finely 
  rugose 
  and 
  finely 
  pubescent, 
  

   the 
  hairs 
  scarcely 
  visible 
  except 
  in 
  microscope 
  mounts 
  ; 
  the 
  veins 
  on 
  the 
  clavus 
  

   distinct 
  ; 
  a 
  dark 
  stigma 
  filling 
  the 
  first 
  apical 
  cell 
  and 
  extending 
  a 
  little 
  basally 
  from 
  

   this 
  and 
  preceded 
  by 
  a 
  narrow 
  longitudinal 
  pale 
  area 
  which 
  lies 
  just 
  away 
  from 
  the 
  

   anterior 
  margin 
  of 
  the 
  wing 
  ; 
  the 
  third 
  apical 
  cell 
  not 
  triangular 
  (as 
  in 
  C. 
  delicata, 
  

   Ball) 
  : 
  the 
  first 
  discoidal 
  cell 
  much 
  smaller 
  than 
  the 
  second. 
  Spines 
  on 
  the 
  hind 
  

   tibiae 
  very 
  stout. 
  Genitalia 
  as 
  in 
  fig. 
  2. 
  

  

  Habits. 
  — 
  The 
  eggs 
  were 
  not 
  found, 
  but 
  all 
  evidence 
  points 
  to 
  their 
  being 
  laid 
  in 
  

   the 
  tissue 
  of 
  the 
  flower-stalk. 
  

  

  The 
  nymphs 
  are 
  pale 
  whitish-brown 
  and 
  are 
  found 
  usually 
  one 
  to 
  three, 
  but 
  

   occasionally 
  more, 
  together 
  in 
  the 
  froth 
  masses 
  on 
  the 
  flower-stalks 
  of 
  cacao. 
  The 
  

   froth 
  of 
  this 
  species, 
  although 
  very 
  watery, 
  is 
  strongly 
  calcareous, 
  and 
  often 
  dries 
  

   externally 
  to 
  a 
  chalky 
  mass, 
  which 
  may 
  persist 
  on 
  the 
  tree 
  for 
  a 
  long 
  time 
  after 
  the 
  

   adults 
  have 
  emerged. 
  

  

  Fig. 
  3. 
  Sketch 
  map 
  showing 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  Cacao 
  Froghopper 
  in 
  Costa 
  Rica 
  and 
  Panama. 
  

  

  The 
  adults 
  were 
  extremely 
  difficult 
  to 
  find 
  in 
  the 
  field, 
  and 
  beating 
  and 
  sweeping 
  

   trees 
  heavily 
  infested 
  with 
  nymphs 
  only 
  produced 
  two 
  adults. 
  Many 
  were, 
  however, 
  

   obtained 
  by 
  breeding. 
  

  

  Parasites. 
  — 
  The 
  froth 
  frequently 
  contained 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  white 
  elongate 
  larvae 
  of 
  

   a 
  species 
  of 
  Drosophila, 
  and 
  the 
  brown 
  seed-like 
  puparia 
  of 
  this 
  fly 
  were 
  also 
  found. 
  

   The 
  question 
  as 
  to 
  whether 
  these 
  were 
  parasites 
  or 
  inquilines 
  has 
  already 
  been 
  

   discussed. 
  

  

  From 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  froth-masses 
  put 
  into 
  a 
  parasite 
  box 
  several 
  small 
  parasitic 
  

   Hymenoptera 
  emerged, 
  but 
  a 
  later 
  search 
  revealed 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  species 
  inside 
  a 
  

   Drosophila 
  pupa, 
  so 
  they 
  were 
  parasites 
  of 
  these 
  and 
  not 
  of 
  the 
  Clastoptera. 
  

  

  Food-plants. 
  — 
  The 
  insect 
  was, 
  with 
  one 
  exception, 
  only 
  found 
  on 
  the 
  cultivated 
  

   cacao, 
  Theobroma 
  cacao. 
  The 
  one 
  exception 
  was 
  the 
  finding 
  of 
  the 
  doubtful 
  remains 
  

   of 
  froth-masses 
  on 
  the 
  flower-stalks 
  of 
  a 
  wild 
  tree 
  in 
  the 
  forest, 
  which 
  bore 
  deeply 
  

   ridged 
  cacao-like 
  pods 
  on 
  the 
  trunk 
  and 
  was 
  obviously 
  closely 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  cacao. 
  

  

  (8053) 
  

  

  t2 
  

  

  