﻿ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  ASPECTS 
  OF 
  AN 
  OUTBREAK 
  OF 
  SLEEPING 
  SICKNESS. 
  325 
  

  

  annually, 
  to 
  be 
  reinforced 
  (and 
  game, 
  though 
  scarce, 
  is 
  probably 
  less 
  scarce 
  than 
  it 
  

   was 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  when 
  the 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  began), 
  native 
  statements 
  show 
  that 
  the 
  

   foregoing 
  is 
  nowadays 
  the 
  normal 
  relative 
  position. 
  The 
  natives 
  admit 
  that 
  they 
  

   had 
  much 
  reduced 
  the 
  game 
  within 
  this 
  ring 
  of 
  population 
  even 
  before 
  the 
  war 
  ; 
  

   statements 
  show 
  further 
  that, 
  here 
  as 
  everywhere, 
  the 
  relaxation 
  in 
  the 
  enforcement 
  

   of 
  the 
  game 
  laws 
  that 
  accompanied 
  the 
  war 
  resulted 
  in 
  more 
  intensive 
  hunting, 
  and 
  

   that 
  this 
  became 
  yet 
  more 
  intensive, 
  especially 
  in 
  the 
  neighbourhood 
  of 
  the 
  greatest 
  

   population, 
  during 
  a 
  famine 
  that 
  took 
  place 
  in 
  1917-18. 
  The 
  passage 
  of 
  troops 
  

   through 
  this 
  very 
  area 
  just 
  before 
  the 
  famine 
  will 
  probabty 
  also 
  not 
  have 
  been 
  without 
  

   some 
  effect. 
  Such 
  further 
  explanation 
  as 
  is 
  needed 
  of 
  the 
  special 
  scarcity 
  of 
  game 
  

   in 
  this 
  area 
  is 
  supplied 
  by 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  great 
  annual 
  game 
  movements 
  in 
  search 
  

   of 
  water 
  are 
  from 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  east. 
  That 
  from 
  the 
  east 
  is 
  intercepted 
  by 
  the 
  

   heavily 
  settled 
  strip 
  of 
  Maswa 
  and 
  Luguru, 
  and 
  that 
  from 
  the 
  north 
  is 
  checked 
  by 
  

   the 
  villages 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Duma, 
  the 
  area 
  of 
  dense 
  settlement 
  that 
  has 
  grown 
  up 
  

   about 
  Kilalo 
  in 
  the 
  last 
  twelve 
  or 
  fifteen 
  years, 
  and, 
  until 
  1917, 
  the 
  mine 
  at 
  Ngasamo. 
  

   This 
  employed 
  some 
  hundreds 
  of 
  labourers 
  and 
  the 
  shooting 
  carried 
  on 
  there 
  for 
  

   meat 
  must 
  have 
  constituted 
  it 
  a 
  strong 
  link 
  in 
  the 
  barrier. 
  Even 
  its 
  shutting 
  

   down, 
  backed 
  as 
  it 
  was 
  by 
  a 
  certain 
  number 
  of 
  villages 
  that 
  remained, 
  does 
  not 
  

   seem 
  to 
  have 
  led, 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  present, 
  to 
  any 
  great 
  irruption 
  of 
  the 
  game. 
  

  

  It 
  will 
  readily 
  be 
  seen 
  that 
  we 
  have 
  here 
  the 
  position 
  that 
  a 
  great 
  piece 
  of 
  tsetse- 
  

   infested 
  woodland 
  was 
  surrounded 
  with 
  a 
  barrier 
  and 
  the 
  game 
  within 
  it 
  enormously 
  

   reduced. 
  Neither 
  the 
  barrier 
  nor 
  the 
  game 
  destruction 
  were 
  by 
  any 
  means 
  absolute, 
  

   but 
  the 
  contiguous 
  native 
  population 
  of 
  keen 
  hunting 
  tribes 
  was 
  very 
  great, 
  and 
  

   guns 
  were 
  present 
  in 
  addition 
  to 
  highly 
  effective 
  native 
  weapons 
  and 
  methods. 
  

   The 
  resources 
  of 
  destruction 
  that 
  were 
  turned 
  on 
  to 
  the 
  game 
  of 
  this 
  hemmed-in 
  area 
  

   were 
  at 
  least 
  as 
  great 
  as 
  could 
  have 
  been 
  marshalled 
  for 
  any 
  experimental 
  

   destruction, 
  and 
  the 
  killing 
  was 
  very 
  persistent, 
  so 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  probable 
  that, 
  by 
  the 
  

   end 
  of 
  the 
  famine, 
  the 
  game 
  had 
  been 
  brought 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  minimum 
  below 
  

   which, 
  in 
  savannah 
  forest 
  country, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  humanly 
  possible 
  to 
  bring 
  it, 
  excepting 
  

   by 
  means 
  of 
  fairly 
  heavy 
  settlement. 
  

  

  It 
  may 
  here 
  be 
  noted 
  that 
  the 
  clear 
  area 
  of 
  Kilalo 
  as 
  shown 
  in 
  the 
  map 
  includes 
  

   some 
  half-cleared 
  country 
  on 
  its 
  east 
  and 
  a 
  natural 
  mbuga 
  on 
  its 
  west. 
  Such 
  clear 
  

   ground 
  as 
  there 
  is 
  immediately 
  round 
  the 
  Ngasamo 
  Gold 
  Mine 
  is 
  due 
  partly 
  to 
  

   clearing 
  for 
  mining 
  purposes, 
  partly 
  to 
  natural 
  mbuga. 
  

  

  The 
  third 
  division 
  of 
  the 
  Usukuma-Musoma 
  area 
  as 
  regards 
  game 
  is 
  that 
  comprised 
  

   within 
  the 
  closely 
  settled 
  country. 
  This 
  is 
  nearly 
  destitute 
  of 
  game 
  and 
  is 
  avoided 
  

   by 
  it, 
  though 
  zebra 
  and 
  ostrich 
  come 
  out 
  in 
  places 
  from 
  the 
  bush 
  to 
  the 
  nearest 
  crops, 
  

   and 
  the 
  narrow 
  cleared 
  littoral 
  of 
  Nasa 
  is 
  traversed 
  by 
  game 
  seeking 
  water 
  on 
  the 
  

   Lake 
  when 
  other 
  sources 
  fail. 
  

  

  The 
  granite 
  kopjes 
  have 
  a 
  fauna 
  of 
  their 
  own. 
  They 
  are 
  probably 
  unattractive 
  

   to 
  ordinary 
  game, 
  being 
  for 
  the 
  most 
  part 
  (PI. 
  xv, 
  fig. 
  2) 
  densely 
  clothed 
  with 
  rocks 
  

   and 
  trees, 
  but 
  rock-rabbits 
  (Hyrax) 
  of 
  two 
  species 
  are 
  common, 
  and 
  so 
  in 
  places 
  are 
  

   baboons. 
  The 
  latter 
  appeared 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  only 
  animals 
  that 
  visited 
  some 
  kopjes 
  beside 
  

   Ngasamo 
  in 
  which 
  my 
  natives 
  found 
  tsetse 
  puparia 
  (mostly 
  empty) 
  under 
  every 
  suit- 
  

   able 
  rock 
  to 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  over 
  2,300 
  in 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  hours, 
  and 
  round 
  the 
  bases 
  of 
  which 
  

   baboon 
  tracks 
  were 
  everywhere 
  conspicuous 
  — 
  as 
  indeed 
  they 
  were 
  in 
  the 
  bush 
  near 
  

   Nasa, 
  in 
  the 
  lower 
  rocks 
  of 
  Mount 
  Baridi, 
  and 
  in 
  some 
  other 
  places 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  

   puparia 
  abounded. 
  Occasional 
  klipspringers, 
  leopards, 
  porcupines 
  and 
  hyaenas 
  

   frequent 
  the 
  kopjes 
  ; 
  two 
  species 
  of 
  lemur 
  were 
  found 
  ; 
  and 
  bats 
  were 
  in 
  places 
  

   hanging 
  in 
  some 
  numbers 
  in 
  rock-clefts 
  that, 
  to 
  judge 
  from 
  finds 
  of 
  puparia, 
  were 
  

   sometimes 
  utilised 
  also 
  by 
  the 
  tsetses. 
  

  

  Crocodiles 
  are 
  abundant 
  in 
  the 
  rivers 
  and 
  hippopotamuses 
  are 
  present 
  in 
  places, 
  

   but 
  neither 
  animal 
  appeared 
  to 
  be 
  in 
  appreciable 
  contact 
  with 
  the 
  fly 
  that 
  was 
  

   associated 
  with 
  the 
  outbreak. 
  

  

  