﻿344 
  C. 
  F. 
  M. 
  SWYNNERTON. 
  

  

  above 
  information 
  from 
  the 
  natives, 
  so 
  many 
  infections 
  took 
  place) 
  is 
  often 
  simply 
  

   a 
  round 
  of 
  beer-drinks, 
  with 
  the 
  same 
  tsetses 
  biting 
  all 
  partakers 
  at 
  each. 
  Beer- 
  

   drinking 
  recrudesces 
  later 
  when 
  the 
  new 
  crop 
  is 
  felt 
  to 
  be 
  such 
  a 
  certainty 
  as 
  to 
  

   justify 
  the 
  use 
  for 
  beer 
  of 
  the 
  store-grain, 
  gains 
  force 
  with 
  the 
  final 
  harvesting 
  of 
  

   the 
  crop 
  (that 
  is, 
  in 
  July), 
  and 
  shortly 
  afterwards 
  again 
  attains 
  its 
  maximum 
  

   intensity 
  with 
  the 
  arrival 
  of 
  the 
  hoeing 
  season. 
  In 
  real 
  famine 
  there 
  are 
  no 
  beer- 
  

   drinks, 
  but 
  I 
  have 
  myself 
  seen 
  them 
  become 
  all 
  the 
  rage 
  when 
  the 
  first 
  crop 
  after 
  

   a 
  famine 
  or 
  semi- 
  famine 
  was 
  reaped. 
  People 
  then 
  simply 
  gave 
  themselves 
  over 
  to 
  

   them. 
  And 
  this, 
  with 
  infection 
  well 
  established 
  through 
  the 
  aid 
  of 
  the 
  famine, 
  is 
  

   the 
  very 
  time 
  that 
  is 
  critical 
  as 
  regards 
  its 
  further 
  spread 
  in 
  localities 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  

   tsetses 
  are 
  concentrating 
  on 
  man. 
  A 
  third 
  meeting-place 
  is 
  the 
  water-hole, 
  at 
  

   which 
  members 
  of 
  many 
  surrounding 
  villages 
  tend 
  to 
  congregate 
  when 
  drawing 
  

   water, 
  washing, 
  or 
  carrying 
  out 
  some 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  process 
  of 
  preparing 
  beer. 
  

   Water-holes 
  and 
  fords 
  on 
  roads 
  have 
  been 
  referred 
  to 
  as 
  a 
  factor 
  elsewhere. 
  A 
  fourth 
  

   important 
  factor 
  is 
  the 
  caravans, 
  travelling 
  closely 
  in 
  single 
  file, 
  with 
  one 
  member 
  

   perhaps 
  infected 
  or 
  the 
  tsetses 
  from 
  an 
  infected 
  village 
  they 
  have 
  passed 
  through 
  

   accompanying 
  them. 
  A 
  fifth, 
  important 
  only 
  on 
  lakes 
  and 
  large 
  rivers 
  and 
  usually 
  

   unimportant 
  as 
  regards 
  flies 
  of 
  the 
  morsitans 
  group, 
  is 
  one 
  to 
  which 
  Duke 
  has 
  

   drawn 
  attention 
  — 
  canoes 
  and 
  landing-places. 
  Finally, 
  there 
  are 
  such 
  occupations 
  

   as 
  hoeing 
  and 
  threshing. 
  Here, 
  as 
  at 
  the 
  beer-drinks 
  and 
  round 
  the 
  food-dish, 
  the 
  

   participators 
  are 
  crowded 
  as 
  closely 
  as 
  cattle 
  in 
  the 
  cattle-kraal. 
  The 
  flies 
  may 
  be 
  

   switched 
  off 
  frequently, 
  but 
  settle 
  again 
  at 
  once 
  on 
  somebody, 
  and 
  a 
  highly 
  occupied 
  

   man 
  or 
  woman, 
  and 
  particularly 
  a 
  drunk 
  or 
  fuddled 
  person, 
  takes 
  little 
  serious 
  notice 
  

   of 
  them. 
  

  

  People 
  who 
  are 
  not 
  yet 
  very 
  sick 
  take 
  part 
  in 
  the 
  ordinary 
  occupations 
  of 
  the 
  

   community. 
  The 
  very 
  sick 
  — 
  except 
  those 
  in 
  the 
  last 
  stages 
  of 
  weakness 
  — 
  spend, 
  

   as 
  I 
  have 
  said, 
  much 
  time 
  in 
  sitting 
  or 
  lying 
  outside, 
  near 
  the 
  other 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  

   village 
  if 
  they 
  are 
  present, 
  being 
  specially 
  visited 
  and 
  sat 
  with 
  by 
  their 
  friends 
  and 
  

   relations 
  of 
  the 
  surrounding 
  villages 
  and 
  by 
  passers-by, 
  who 
  are 
  brought 
  to 
  see 
  and 
  

   discuss 
  their 
  symptoms 
  and 
  (in 
  the 
  Usukuma 
  outbreak) 
  to 
  prod 
  the 
  oedematous 
  

   parts. 
  This 
  last 
  quaint 
  point 
  was 
  volunteered 
  by 
  several 
  of 
  the 
  natives 
  I 
  spoke 
  to 
  

   in 
  the 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  area 
  and 
  appeared 
  almost 
  to 
  be 
  regarded 
  by 
  some 
  of 
  them 
  as 
  

   a 
  cause 
  of 
  the 
  infection. 
  Also 
  the 
  sick 
  take 
  part 
  in, 
  or 
  lie 
  near, 
  the 
  crowded 
  beer- 
  

   drinks. 
  And 
  the 
  tsetses, 
  in 
  an 
  infested 
  bush 
  village, 
  enter 
  the 
  huts. 
  My 
  experience, 
  

   extending 
  over 
  more 
  than 
  twenty 
  years, 
  of 
  the 
  habits 
  of 
  the 
  sick 
  African 
  in 
  his 
  home 
  

   is 
  concerned 
  with 
  other 
  diseases 
  than 
  sleeping 
  sickness, 
  but 
  I 
  saw 
  nothing 
  amongst 
  

   the 
  relatively 
  few 
  sick 
  I 
  found 
  still 
  in 
  their 
  villages 
  during 
  my 
  visit 
  to 
  make 
  me 
  

   regard 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  patients 
  as 
  an 
  exception 
  and 
  heard 
  much 
  which 
  showed 
  

   that 
  they 
  were 
  not, 
  and 
  I 
  wish 
  to 
  lay 
  particular 
  stress 
  on 
  this 
  usual 
  relation 
  of 
  the 
  

   sick 
  to 
  the 
  well, 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  resulting 
  fact 
  that 
  every 
  case, 
  through 
  much 
  of 
  its 
  course, 
  

   of 
  rhodesiense, 
  as 
  of 
  gambiense, 
  may 
  form 
  an 
  important 
  reservoir 
  of 
  the 
  disease. 
  

  

  Famine 
  vastly 
  increases 
  contact 
  both 
  within 
  a 
  given 
  area 
  and 
  as 
  between 
  that 
  

   area 
  and 
  those 
  surrounding 
  it. 
  In 
  the 
  one 
  considerable 
  famine 
  of 
  my 
  own 
  experience 
  

   even 
  the 
  decrepit 
  and 
  nearly 
  dying 
  struggled 
  through 
  the 
  country 
  trying 
  to 
  buy, 
  

   beg 
  or 
  work 
  for 
  food, 
  and 
  inhabitants 
  of 
  villages 
  from 
  far 
  around 
  would 
  meet 
  at 
  spots 
  

   in 
  which 
  wild 
  yams, 
  mushrooms, 
  certain 
  wild 
  vegetables 
  or 
  the 
  fruits 
  of 
  Uapaca 
  

   were 
  specially 
  to 
  be 
  found, 
  and 
  they 
  might 
  be 
  seen 
  sitting 
  and 
  digging 
  together 
  at 
  

   the 
  clumps 
  of 
  yams. 
  

  

  The 
  concentration 
  of 
  the 
  flies 
  in 
  the 
  village 
  I 
  described 
  first 
  in 
  Section 
  XVI 
  was 
  

   somewhat 
  heavier 
  than 
  at 
  any 
  other 
  bush 
  village 
  I 
  entered, 
  and 
  distinctly 
  heavier 
  

   than 
  in 
  the 
  bush 
  around, 
  but 
  it 
  was 
  sufficiently 
  typical, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  obvious 
  that 
  there 
  

   was 
  every 
  possibility 
  of 
  direct 
  transmission 
  between 
  the 
  inhabitants, 
  and 
  between 
  

   the 
  sick 
  and 
  their 
  visitors 
  from 
  neighbouring 
  villages, 
  who 
  would 
  often 
  sit 
  with 
  them 
  

   for 
  hours 
  ; 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  relations 
  between 
  man 
  and 
  tsetse 
  were 
  everywhere 
  such 
  

   that 
  direct 
  transmission 
  might 
  quite 
  well 
  have 
  played 
  an 
  important 
  part 
  in 
  this 
  

  

  

  