﻿360 
  C. 
  F. 
  M. 
  SWYNNERTON. 
  

  

  square 
  mile, 
  and 
  that 
  it 
  inhabits 
  chiefly 
  enclaves 
  in 
  a 
  great 
  sea 
  of 
  bush. 
  I 
  include 
  

   here 
  Sengerema, 
  which 
  is 
  mostly 
  bush, 
  and 
  exclude 
  Nung-hu 
  and 
  Mwagala, 
  in 
  which 
  

   Sultanates 
  such 
  wooding 
  as 
  remains 
  is 
  mostly 
  much 
  broken 
  up 
  by 
  settlements. 
  

   Nyamhanda, 
  a 
  little 
  Sultanate 
  (968) 
  that 
  is 
  not 
  shown 
  in 
  the 
  map, 
  is 
  included 
  in 
  

   the 
  clear 
  country. 
  A 
  multiplication 
  of 
  the 
  figures 
  stated 
  by 
  three 
  would 
  give, 
  I 
  

   believe, 
  an 
  approximation 
  to 
  the 
  total 
  populations. 
  This 
  crowding 
  of 
  the 
  population 
  

   into 
  that 
  portion 
  of 
  Usukuma 
  which 
  lies 
  farthest 
  from 
  the 
  Masai, 
  and 
  the 
  consequent 
  

   existence 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  Usukuma 
  tsetse 
  belt, 
  inhabited 
  by 
  one-tenth 
  of 
  the 
  number 
  

   of 
  people 
  to 
  the 
  square 
  mile 
  that 
  exists 
  in 
  the 
  wholly 
  cleared 
  area, 
  is 
  said 
  by 
  the 
  

   natives 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  due 
  very 
  largely 
  to 
  the 
  raids 
  of 
  the 
  Masai, 
  extending 
  in 
  the 
  past 
  

   as 
  far 
  as 
  Seke. 
  

  

  A 
  third 
  point 
  to 
  note 
  is 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  weU-populated 
  fly-free 
  Sultanates 
  some 
  carry 
  

   a 
  much 
  larger 
  population 
  to 
  the 
  square 
  mile 
  than 
  do 
  others 
  — 
  a 
  population, 
  that 
  is, 
  

   which, 
  after 
  making 
  allowances 
  for 
  uninhabited 
  mbugas, 
  etc., 
  would 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  

   unnecessarily 
  large 
  for 
  the 
  purpose 
  of 
  keeping 
  the 
  country 
  clear 
  of 
  tsetse. 
  To 
  make 
  

   the 
  calculation 
  complete 
  we 
  should 
  know 
  the 
  numbers 
  of 
  cattle 
  also 
  ; 
  but 
  that 
  they, 
  

   too, 
  are 
  in 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  areas 
  far 
  too 
  numerous 
  is 
  shown 
  by 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  

   stated 
  of 
  the 
  cattle-keeping 
  Sultanates 
  of 
  Tabora 
  that 
  10,000 
  cattle 
  die 
  there 
  annuaUy 
  

   of 
  poverty. 
  Whether 
  this 
  figure 
  is 
  correct 
  or 
  not, 
  a 
  condition 
  of 
  overstocking 
  must 
  

   obtain 
  in 
  greater 
  or 
  less 
  degree 
  in 
  the 
  more 
  congested 
  Sultanates 
  generally. 
  

  

  From 
  every 
  point 
  of 
  view, 
  therefore, 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  a 
  pity 
  if 
  the 
  unnecessary 
  surplus 
  

   of 
  population 
  cannot, 
  to 
  its 
  own 
  great 
  advantage, 
  be 
  encouraged 
  to 
  clear 
  new 
  homes 
  

   for 
  itself 
  in 
  the 
  borders 
  of 
  the 
  fly. 
  As 
  it 
  is 
  the 
  aim 
  of 
  every 
  chief 
  to 
  have 
  many 
  

   subjects, 
  it 
  would 
  hardly, 
  I 
  take 
  it, 
  be 
  politic 
  to 
  offer 
  direct 
  inducements 
  to 
  people 
  

   to 
  leave 
  particular 
  Sultanates, 
  but 
  the 
  popularity 
  of 
  the 
  woodland 
  areas 
  might 
  be 
  

   increased. 
  I 
  have 
  been 
  informed 
  by 
  the 
  Sultans 
  that 
  popularity 
  has 
  much 
  to 
  do 
  

   with 
  the 
  fluctuations 
  of 
  population 
  that 
  are 
  even 
  now 
  taking 
  place 
  between 
  the 
  

   different 
  Sultanates. 
  When 
  Mwanilanga 
  was 
  a 
  youth 
  the 
  clear, 
  cattle-keeping 
  area 
  

   at 
  Zagayu 
  did 
  not 
  yet 
  exist. 
  People 
  came 
  to 
  it 
  from 
  the 
  surrounding 
  Sultanates. 
  

   Tshasama 
  (Sultan 
  of 
  Msalala 
  Mdogo 
  in 
  Uzinza) 
  has 
  received, 
  so 
  his 
  son 
  informed 
  me, 
  

   much 
  reinforcement 
  and 
  re-cleared 
  much 
  country 
  that 
  had 
  previously 
  in 
  turn 
  

   supported 
  populations 
  of 
  tsetse, 
  man 
  and 
  tsetse 
  again, 
  as 
  the 
  result 
  of 
  his 
  own 
  popu- 
  

   larity 
  and 
  the 
  unpopularity 
  of 
  one 
  of 
  his 
  neighbours. 
  So 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  certain 
  that 
  

   people 
  can 
  be 
  induced 
  to 
  move, 
  and 
  now 
  that 
  the 
  threat 
  from 
  the 
  Masai 
  has 
  been 
  

   reduced 
  to 
  a 
  minimum 
  the 
  fly-ridden 
  Sultanates 
  might 
  be 
  further 
  popularised 
  by 
  

   (let 
  us 
  say) 
  the 
  remission 
  of 
  tax 
  for 
  a 
  limited 
  number 
  of 
  years, 
  or 
  by 
  any 
  alternative 
  

   methods 
  that 
  the 
  Senior 
  Commissioner 
  may 
  be 
  able 
  to 
  recommend 
  as 
  useful 
  and 
  

   desirable 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  get 
  the 
  movement 
  started. 
  Growing 
  pressure 
  of 
  cattle 
  in 
  their 
  

   own 
  localities 
  will 
  make 
  people 
  the 
  readier 
  to 
  accept 
  opportunities 
  offered 
  in 
  new 
  

   areas. 
  Under 
  this 
  scheme 
  we 
  could 
  prevent 
  such 
  things 
  happening 
  as 
  are 
  occurring 
  

   to-day 
  in 
  Chinyanga. 
  Here, 
  as 
  the 
  Senior 
  Commissioner 
  of 
  Tabora, 
  Mr. 
  H. 
  C. 
  Stiebel, 
  

   informs 
  me, 
  Sultan 
  Wamba 
  ten 
  years 
  ago 
  had 
  a 
  population 
  of 
  30,000 
  with 
  large 
  

   herds 
  of 
  cattle. 
  To-day, 
  owing 
  to 
  their 
  abandoning 
  their 
  country 
  in 
  face 
  of 
  the 
  

   fly, 
  he 
  has 
  only 
  5,000 
  people 
  and 
  proportionately 
  reduced 
  herds. 
  Young 
  wooding 
  

   is 
  allowed 
  to 
  spring 
  up, 
  and 
  " 
  the 
  encroachment 
  " 
  (Stiebel 
  writes) 
  "is 
  so 
  gradual 
  

   that 
  the 
  natives 
  do 
  not 
  realise 
  it 
  until 
  too 
  late, 
  and 
  then 
  the 
  job 
  of 
  cutting 
  back 
  the 
  

   bush 
  is 
  too 
  big." 
  The 
  right 
  measure 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  case 
  is 
  to 
  reinforce, 
  and 
  not 
  to 
  abandon. 
  

   The 
  reinforcements 
  are 
  already 
  waiting 
  a 
  mere 
  dozen 
  or 
  twenty 
  miles 
  away, 
  but 
  

   through 
  lack 
  of 
  any 
  organisation 
  ad 
  hoc 
  they 
  remain 
  unused. 
  Mere 
  timely 
  

   reinforcement 
  of 
  the 
  cattle 
  would 
  often 
  suffice. 
  

  

  In 
  Mwanza, 
  as 
  elsewhere 
  in 
  Tanganyika 
  Territory, 
  cattle 
  are 
  kept 
  only 
  in 
  areas 
  

   that 
  are 
  free 
  from 
  tsetses 
  of 
  the 
  morsitans 
  group,* 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  problem, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  cattle 
  

  

  * 
  An 
  exception, 
  south-east 
  of 
  Shirati, 
  has 
  been 
  reported 
  by 
  Dr. 
  Davey 
  {v. 
  p. 
  328 
  of 
  this 
  paper). 
  

   It 
  might 
  repay 
  investigation. 
  

  

  