﻿362 
  C. 
  F. 
  M. 
  SWYNNERTON. 
  

  

  the 
  communities, 
  as 
  some 
  increase 
  of 
  their 
  grazing 
  that 
  is 
  not 
  obtainable 
  otherwise 
  

   becomes 
  necessary. 
  

  

  Goats 
  are 
  valuable 
  for 
  their 
  browsing 
  habits, 
  and 
  the 
  keeping 
  of 
  them 
  should 
  be 
  

   organised 
  in 
  tsetse 
  areas 
  in 
  which 
  they 
  can 
  survive. 
  In 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  territory 
  

   it 
  is 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  great 
  numbers 
  of 
  leopards 
  that 
  prevents 
  their 
  better 
  survival. 
  

   Game 
  is 
  most 
  valuable 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  way 
  as 
  cattle 
  and 
  goats, 
  and, 
  where 
  it 
  remains 
  

   in 
  sufficient 
  numbers, 
  it 
  is 
  to-day 
  producing 
  the 
  same 
  discouragement 
  of 
  the 
  bush 
  

   and 
  of 
  tsetses 
  as 
  are 
  cattle. 
  The 
  open-plains 
  game 
  in 
  particular 
  should 
  be 
  encouraged 
  

   in 
  this 
  connection 
  in 
  order 
  that 
  it 
  may 
  assist 
  us 
  to 
  preserve 
  the 
  open 
  plains 
  through 
  

   the 
  dry-season 
  feeding-down 
  accomplished 
  by 
  its 
  countless 
  herds. 
  Once 
  let 
  the 
  woody 
  

   growth 
  get 
  beyond 
  the 
  power 
  of 
  game 
  or 
  cattle 
  to 
  reduce 
  and 
  tsetse 
  will 
  appear, 
  and 
  

   we 
  shall 
  be 
  faced 
  with 
  the 
  difficulty 
  (of 
  reducing 
  established 
  woodland) 
  that 
  exists 
  

   already 
  in 
  two-thirds 
  of 
  the 
  territory. 
  

  

  But 
  even 
  the 
  game 
  of 
  the 
  woodlands, 
  powerless 
  though 
  it 
  is 
  to 
  reduce 
  the 
  bush 
  

   effectively 
  without 
  the 
  initial 
  assistance 
  of 
  clearing, 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  regarded 
  as 
  a 
  potential 
  

   ally. 
  Elands, 
  through 
  their 
  size 
  and 
  their 
  preference 
  for 
  feeding 
  on 
  shrubs 
  and 
  trees, 
  

   are 
  the 
  very 
  best 
  of 
  the 
  large 
  game 
  as 
  potential 
  bush-reducers. 
  An 
  attempt 
  to 
  

   capture 
  and 
  domesticate 
  elands 
  for 
  farming 
  and 
  transport 
  in 
  fly-areas 
  is 
  being 
  initiated, 
  

   as 
  this 
  animal 
  has 
  many 
  good 
  points 
  for 
  the 
  purpose, 
  is 
  very 
  easily 
  tamed, 
  and 
  can 
  be 
  

   captured 
  more 
  easily 
  in 
  great 
  numbers 
  than 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  game 
  animals 
  ; 
  and 
  

   any 
  temporary 
  special 
  attraction 
  of 
  tsetses 
  to 
  the 
  neighbourhood 
  of 
  a 
  village 
  herd 
  

   would 
  very 
  soon 
  be 
  reversed 
  through 
  the 
  influence 
  of 
  the 
  antelopes 
  on 
  the 
  lower 
  

   shelter 
  of 
  the 
  fly, 
  and, 
  with 
  close 
  stocking, 
  the 
  position 
  with 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  ultimate 
  

   destruction 
  of 
  the 
  bush 
  that 
  I 
  hope 
  to 
  attain 
  similarly 
  in 
  places 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  late 
  fires 
  

   would 
  come 
  about 
  with 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  rotation 
  period 
  of 
  the 
  older 
  growth. 
  . 
  The 
  

   situtungas 
  are 
  stated 
  to 
  have 
  cleared 
  whole 
  islands 
  in 
  Lake 
  Victoria 
  of 
  undergrowth 
  

   and 
  left 
  the 
  trees 
  bare 
  to 
  a 
  level 
  height 
  like 
  trees 
  in 
  a 
  park 
  with 
  cattle, 
  and 
  by 
  doing 
  

   this 
  to 
  have 
  banished 
  the 
  fly 
  (G. 
  palpalis) 
  quite 
  largely 
  from 
  those 
  places. 
  This 
  has 
  

   been 
  rendered 
  possible 
  only 
  by 
  the 
  removal 
  of 
  the 
  human 
  population, 
  but 
  eland 
  

   farming 
  would 
  combine 
  with 
  human 
  population 
  the 
  activities 
  of 
  a 
  first-class 
  browsing 
  

   animal. 
  Naturally, 
  presuming 
  our 
  trial 
  of 
  the 
  animal 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  success, 
  it 
  will 
  take 
  a 
  

   good 
  many 
  years 
  before 
  we 
  can 
  establish 
  any 
  widespread 
  eland 
  farming 
  even 
  in 
  a 
  

   single 
  large 
  fly-area, 
  but 
  this 
  delay 
  will 
  itself 
  be 
  useful 
  in 
  meeting 
  a 
  temporary 
  

   difficulty 
  very 
  soundly 
  suggested 
  to 
  me 
  by 
  Mr. 
  C. 
  W. 
  Hobley, 
  namely, 
  that 
  it 
  may 
  take 
  

   time 
  for 
  the 
  native 
  to 
  admit 
  the 
  eland 
  into 
  the 
  " 
  gold 
  currency" 
  that 
  is 
  represented 
  

   for 
  him 
  to-day 
  by 
  cattle. 
  This 
  is 
  in 
  any 
  case 
  not 
  quite 
  the 
  position. 
  The 
  elands 
  

   are 
  mainly 
  for 
  native 
  tribes 
  that 
  to-day 
  possess 
  no 
  animal 
  currency. 
  

  

  Meantime 
  we 
  shall 
  be 
  unable 
  to 
  invade 
  the 
  bush 
  from 
  within 
  in 
  this 
  particular 
  

   way, 
  but 
  by 
  nursing 
  the 
  territory's 
  stock, 
  judiciously 
  relieving 
  congestion 
  by 
  

   encouraging 
  movement 
  to 
  the 
  margins 
  of 
  the 
  woodland, 
  stimulating 
  the 
  definite 
  

   clearing 
  of 
  those 
  margins 
  in 
  places 
  in 
  which 
  we 
  can 
  at 
  once 
  place 
  ample 
  stock 
  on 
  the 
  

   cleared 
  strip, 
  reinforcing 
  communities 
  that 
  are 
  for 
  the 
  moment 
  being 
  invaded 
  them- 
  

   selves, 
  encouraging 
  the 
  starting 
  within 
  the 
  fly-areas 
  of 
  such 
  new 
  clearings 
  as 
  those 
  

   from 
  which 
  Zagayu, 
  Luguru 
  and 
  Kilalo 
  grew, 
  and, 
  in 
  general, 
  making 
  the 
  margins 
  of 
  

   fly-infested 
  areas 
  the 
  objects 
  of 
  a 
  particular 
  solicitude, 
  we 
  shall 
  gradually 
  drive 
  these 
  

   back, 
  if 
  we 
  can 
  also 
  prevent 
  the 
  occurrence 
  of 
  such 
  epidemics 
  of 
  cattle-disease 
  as 
  would 
  

   lessen 
  greatly 
  our 
  material 
  of 
  invasion. 
  I 
  have 
  been 
  interested 
  to 
  note 
  that 
  Taute 
  also, 
  

   evidently 
  knowing 
  the 
  conditions 
  well, 
  recommends 
  the 
  systematic 
  clearing 
  of 
  large 
  

   expanses 
  in 
  tsetse 
  borders 
  in 
  lieu 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  haphazard 
  native 
  methods. 
  I 
  have 
  

   indicated 
  the 
  least 
  expensive 
  and 
  most 
  effective 
  method 
  of 
  clearing 
  them. 
  

  

  No 
  measure 
  is 
  universally 
  applicable 
  in 
  its 
  entirety, 
  and 
  this 
  one 
  will 
  be 
  found 
  

   less 
  workable 
  in 
  relation 
  to 
  some 
  tribes 
  than 
  to 
  others, 
  and 
  be 
  modified 
  or 
  abandoned 
  

   in 
  conformity 
  with 
  local 
  conditions. 
  My 
  experience 
  in 
  Tanganyika 
  Territory 
  has 
  

  

  