﻿366 
  C. 
  F. 
  M. 
  SWYNNERTON. 
  

  

  admitted 
  that 
  the 
  supervision 
  of 
  a 
  general 
  measure 
  might 
  be 
  difficult, 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  easy 
  

   to 
  see 
  at 
  a 
  glance 
  if 
  the 
  smaller 
  stumps 
  and 
  roots 
  have 
  been 
  eradicated 
  in 
  cultivated 
  

   land 
  under 
  crops 
  or 
  weeds 
  or 
  lately 
  hoed. 
  It 
  is 
  easier 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  well-stocked 
  

   grazing 
  country, 
  as 
  at 
  Mwanza, 
  for 
  the 
  sprouts 
  from 
  the 
  stumps 
  show 
  up 
  well, 
  and 
  

   at 
  least 
  in 
  these 
  circumstances 
  (where, 
  also, 
  it 
  is 
  more 
  immediately 
  needed) 
  con- 
  

   sideration 
  should 
  be 
  given 
  to 
  the 
  possibility 
  of 
  enforcing 
  or 
  encouraging 
  what 
  will 
  

   prove 
  an 
  invaluable 
  measure. 
  When 
  we 
  cease 
  to 
  give 
  back 
  to 
  the 
  fly 
  what 
  we 
  have 
  

   gained 
  from 
  it, 
  our 
  final 
  conquest 
  of 
  it 
  will 
  at 
  last 
  have 
  begun 
  — 
  through 
  this 
  systematic 
  

   consolidation 
  of 
  all 
  ground 
  won. 
  

  

  The 
  Prevention 
  of 
  Human 
  Trypanosomiasis. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  probable 
  that 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  fighting 
  successive 
  outbreaks 
  like 
  that 
  on 
  the 
  Simiyu 
  

   will 
  greatly 
  exceed 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  detailing 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  officers 
  for 
  a 
  time 
  to 
  sleeping 
  

   sickness 
  survey 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  small 
  preventive 
  measures 
  that 
  the 
  survey 
  may 
  in 
  various 
  

   localities 
  show 
  to 
  be 
  necessary 
  ; 
  and 
  more 
  than 
  possible 
  that 
  in 
  further 
  outbreaks 
  we 
  

   shall 
  not 
  find 
  evacuation 
  the 
  easy 
  matter 
  it 
  was 
  on 
  the 
  Simiyu. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  

   success 
  in 
  the 
  trial 
  of 
  new 
  drugs 
  that 
  is 
  now 
  proceeding 
  will 
  render 
  evacuation 
  

   unnecessary 
  in 
  the 
  future. 
  In 
  case 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  agreed 
  that 
  an 
  investigation 
  is 
  

   necessary 
  it 
  is 
  interesting 
  to 
  note 
  that 
  the 
  lesson 
  of 
  the 
  Usukuma 
  outbreak 
  seems 
  

   to 
  be 
  that 
  such 
  a 
  survey 
  should 
  consist 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  (1) 
  In 
  the 
  usual 
  search 
  for 
  infection. 
  Even 
  if 
  it 
  should 
  reveal 
  no 
  real 
  outbreaks 
  

   this 
  will 
  help 
  to 
  show 
  us 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  three 
  factors, 
  all 
  three 
  of 
  them 
  

   important, 
  that 
  seem 
  likely 
  to 
  contribute 
  to 
  the 
  creation 
  of 
  a 
  danger-focus. 
  

  

  (2) 
  In 
  a 
  close 
  survey 
  of 
  the 
  tsetse 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  game. 
  The 
  latter 
  would 
  include 
  

   a 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  seasonal 
  movements 
  of 
  the 
  game, 
  the 
  reasons 
  for 
  them, 
  and 
  the 
  length 
  

   of 
  absence 
  of 
  game 
  from 
  particular 
  places 
  ; 
  an 
  enquiry 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  extent 
  to 
  which 
  game 
  

   is 
  being 
  reduced 
  by 
  the 
  natives 
  in 
  the 
  neighbourhood 
  of 
  population 
  living 
  in 
  

   woodland 
  ; 
  a 
  record 
  of 
  the 
  roads 
  from 
  which 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  driven 
  away 
  to 
  such 
  an 
  

   extent 
  as 
  to 
  cause 
  unduly 
  prolonged 
  concentration 
  of 
  the 
  fly 
  on 
  man 
  ; 
  and 
  (in 
  the 
  

   tsetse 
  survey) 
  any 
  other 
  factors 
  that 
  might 
  locally 
  cause 
  such 
  long-lasting 
  

   concentration. 
  

  

  (3) 
  In 
  a 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  meteorological 
  and 
  agricultural 
  history 
  and 
  conditions 
  of 
  

   each 
  area 
  with 
  a 
  view 
  to 
  determining 
  the 
  liability 
  to 
  failure 
  of 
  crops 
  from 
  natural 
  

   causes. 
  

  

  The 
  combination, 
  in 
  an 
  area 
  containing 
  many 
  tsetse, 
  of 
  game 
  reduction 
  with 
  a 
  

   liability 
  to 
  famine 
  and 
  the 
  presence, 
  in 
  or 
  near 
  it, 
  of 
  infection 
  (or, 
  for 
  that 
  matter, 
  

   if 
  brucei 
  be 
  convertible 
  into 
  rhodesiense, 
  the 
  first 
  two 
  factors 
  alone) 
  would 
  constitute 
  

   the 
  area 
  a 
  danger-focus. 
  In 
  such 
  a 
  danger-focus 
  game 
  protection 
  should 
  be 
  well 
  

   enforced 
  (though 
  without 
  prejudice 
  to 
  the 
  protection 
  of 
  the 
  crops), 
  a 
  vigilant 
  eye 
  

   kept 
  on 
  the 
  welfare 
  of 
  the 
  crops' 
  generally, 
  and 
  distress 
  caused 
  by 
  their 
  failure 
  any- 
  

   where 
  relieved 
  promptly 
  ; 
  but 
  'it 
  hould 
  be 
  relieved 
  by 
  other 
  means 
  than 
  throwing 
  

   the 
  game 
  open 
  to 
  unrestricted 
  killing. 
  It 
  would 
  appear 
  from 
  this 
  that 
  the 
  expert 
  

   Departments, 
  both 
  in 
  a 
  properly 
  organised 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  survey 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  

   scientific 
  prevention 
  of 
  sleeping 
  sickness, 
  would 
  be 
  the 
  Medical, 
  Game 
  and 
  Agri- 
  

   cultural. 
  The 
  location 
  of 
  scattered 
  infects 
  in 
  a 
  vast 
  bush 
  country 
  would 
  be 
  assisted 
  

   by 
  a 
  knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  conditions 
  under 
  which 
  infection 
  is 
  likely 
  

   to 
  be 
  present, 
  and 
  such 
  a 
  survey 
  would 
  indicate 
  also 
  the 
  localities 
  which 
  must 
  be 
  

   carefully 
  watched 
  in 
  the 
  future. 
  

  

  The 
  presence 
  of 
  a 
  herd 
  of 
  domesticated 
  elands 
  at 
  a 
  village 
  would 
  probably 
  be 
  the 
  

   greatest 
  safeguard 
  against 
  sleeping 
  sickness. 
  If 
  any 
  success 
  attends 
  the 
  experiment 
  

   that 
  the 
  Game 
  Department 
  is 
  now 
  trying 
  to 
  initiate 
  in 
  this 
  direction, 
  that 
  condition 
  

   may 
  some 
  day 
  come 
  about. 
  As 
  regards 
  the 
  more 
  general 
  question 
  of 
  game 
  protection, 
  

   it 
  may 
  be 
  said 
  that 
  the 
  present 
  Game 
  Ordinance 
  of 
  Tanganyika 
  Territory 
  provides 
  

  

  