﻿ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  ASPECTS 
  OF 
  AN 
  OUTBREAK 
  OF 
  SLEEPING 
  SICKNESS. 
  367 
  

  

  for 
  the 
  control 
  of 
  dangerous 
  game 
  generally 
  and 
  for 
  the 
  protection 
  of 
  native 
  gardens 
  

   in 
  particular, 
  and 
  that 
  this 
  last, 
  in 
  practice, 
  covers 
  the 
  killing 
  by 
  natives 
  of 
  a 
  moderate 
  

   supply 
  of 
  meat. 
  The 
  Ordinance 
  also 
  gives 
  resident 
  and 
  visiting 
  sportsmen 
  a 
  generous 
  

   schedule. 
  Otherwise 
  than 
  in 
  these 
  respects, 
  it 
  protects 
  the 
  game. 
  It 
  would 
  seem 
  

   likely 
  now 
  that 
  this 
  reasonable 
  degree 
  of 
  protection 
  is 
  not 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  interests 
  of 
  the 
  

   game, 
  of 
  science, 
  of 
  sport 
  and 
  of 
  posterity, 
  but 
  that 
  it 
  represents 
  a 
  policy 
  that 
  must 
  

   be 
  continued 
  for 
  the 
  safety 
  of 
  the 
  human 
  inhabitants 
  of 
  fly 
  areas. 
  The 
  mild 
  killing 
  

   that 
  is 
  already 
  permitted 
  may, 
  in 
  general, 
  be 
  useful 
  in 
  preventing 
  so 
  large 
  an 
  increase 
  

   of 
  the 
  game 
  near 
  man 
  as 
  to 
  leave 
  a 
  particularly 
  large 
  population 
  of 
  fly 
  stranded 
  if 
  

   anything 
  unforeseen 
  should 
  happen 
  to 
  the 
  game, 
  but 
  even 
  this 
  danger 
  would 
  be 
  robbed 
  

   of 
  much 
  of 
  its 
  sting 
  by 
  the 
  adoption 
  of 
  the 
  simple 
  measure 
  I 
  shall 
  suggest 
  next. 
  

  

  For 
  the 
  purposes 
  of 
  this 
  paper 
  I 
  have 
  practically 
  taken 
  the 
  view 
  that 
  T. 
  rhodesiense 
  

   and 
  T. 
  brucei 
  are 
  convertible, 
  the 
  one 
  into 
  the 
  other 
  ; 
  for 
  if 
  man's 
  resistance 
  requires 
  

   to 
  be 
  overcome 
  by 
  transmission 
  through 
  man, 
  I 
  do 
  not 
  think 
  that 
  even 
  the 
  last 
  of 
  

   Taute's 
  daring 
  experiments 
  has 
  disproved 
  this 
  alternative. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  

   neither 
  has 
  Taute's 
  view 
  been 
  disproved, 
  and 
  a 
  single 
  infective 
  person 
  may 
  easily 
  

   have 
  started 
  the 
  Usukuma 
  outbreak. 
  Natives 
  have 
  travelled 
  in 
  the 
  war 
  nearly 
  from 
  

   one 
  end 
  of 
  tropical 
  Africa 
  to 
  the 
  other 
  and, 
  from 
  the 
  most 
  widely-separated 
  parts 
  of 
  

   it, 
  have 
  visited 
  the 
  infected 
  region 
  of 
  Portuguese 
  Nyasaland, 
  so 
  that 
  T. 
  rhodesiense 
  

   infection 
  as 
  such 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  carried 
  almost 
  anywhere. 
  Even 
  on 
  this 
  view, 
  the 
  

   action 
  of 
  the 
  game 
  in 
  preventing 
  such 
  concentration 
  of 
  the 
  fly 
  on 
  man 
  as 
  will 
  facili- 
  

   tate 
  transmission 
  and 
  enhance 
  virulence 
  must 
  be 
  most 
  valuable, 
  and 
  its 
  adequate 
  

   preservation 
  is 
  still 
  the 
  best 
  prophylaxis 
  against 
  sleeping 
  sickness. 
  

  

  The 
  Utilisation 
  of 
  Cultivation. 
  

  

  The 
  following 
  suggestion 
  of 
  a 
  measure 
  that 
  would 
  be 
  simplicity 
  itself 
  and 
  yet 
  

   of 
  great 
  use 
  seems 
  worth 
  emphasising. 
  Native 
  villages 
  may 
  be 
  divided 
  into 
  three 
  

   categories 
  : 
  (a) 
  villages 
  surrounded 
  by 
  cultivation 
  ; 
  (b) 
  villages 
  standing 
  beside 
  

   their 
  cultivated 
  fields 
  or 
  (c) 
  completely 
  separated 
  from 
  them. 
  Except 
  perhaps, 
  

   where 
  trees 
  and 
  shrubs 
  are 
  present 
  in 
  a 
  village 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  category, 
  it 
  is 
  only 
  in 
  

   villages 
  of 
  the 
  second 
  kind 
  that 
  large 
  concentrations 
  of 
  tsetse 
  will 
  tend 
  to 
  take 
  place, 
  

   and, 
  as 
  I 
  have 
  seen 
  myself, 
  in 
  investigating 
  demands 
  for 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  game, 
  

   it 
  is 
  especially 
  the 
  third 
  type 
  of 
  village 
  that 
  is 
  liable 
  to 
  suffer 
  from 
  a 
  large 
  destruction 
  

   of 
  crops 
  by 
  wild 
  animals. 
  These 
  people, 
  with 
  their 
  gardens 
  and 
  even 
  some 
  of 
  their 
  

   corn-bins 
  some 
  hundreds 
  of 
  yards 
  from 
  protection, 
  are 
  wantonly 
  exposing 
  them 
  

   to 
  attack 
  by 
  the 
  game 
  and 
  themselves 
  to 
  attack 
  by 
  the 
  tsetse, 
  and 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  a 
  

   sanitary 
  rule, 
  to 
  be 
  enforced 
  as 
  strongly 
  as 
  such 
  rules 
  are 
  enforced 
  in 
  the 
  townships, 
  

   that 
  every 
  village 
  in 
  tsetse-infested 
  wooding 
  anywhere 
  should 
  stand 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  

   of 
  its 
  cultivation 
  and 
  be 
  free 
  from 
  bush. 
  This 
  means 
  of 
  utilising 
  for 
  partial 
  protection 
  

   clearing 
  that 
  already 
  exists 
  is 
  very 
  simple, 
  and 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  the 
  cause 
  of 
  no 
  discontent 
  

   amongst 
  natives, 
  who 
  often 
  do 
  surround 
  themselves 
  with 
  their 
  cultivation. 
  Villages 
  

   the 
  main 
  crop 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  rice 
  are 
  likely 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  only 
  necessary 
  exception. 
  

  

  But 
  this 
  is 
  only 
  a 
  first 
  step. 
  The 
  policy 
  in 
  tsetse-areas 
  should 
  (in 
  my 
  opinion) 
  

   be 
  directed 
  to 
  the 
  gradual 
  elimination 
  of 
  the 
  small 
  " 
  family 
  " 
  bush 
  village 
  and 
  the 
  

   encouragement 
  of 
  the 
  " 
  large 
  location." 
  The 
  large 
  village, 
  or 
  the 
  fairly 
  compact 
  

   group 
  of 
  villages, 
  will 
  protect 
  itself 
  from 
  at 
  least 
  epidemic 
  trypanosomiasis 
  by 
  sur- 
  

   rounding 
  itself 
  with 
  really 
  extensive 
  cultivation 
  ; 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  able, 
  when 
  the 
  clear 
  

   space 
  is 
  large 
  enough, 
  to 
  keep 
  cattle, 
  first 
  one 
  small 
  common 
  herd, 
  then, 
  as 
  operations 
  

   extend, 
  several 
  herds 
  ; 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  able 
  to 
  use 
  its 
  numbers 
  for 
  a 
  better 
  protection 
  of 
  

   its 
  crops 
  and 
  even 
  (against 
  animals 
  other 
  than 
  simians), 
  co-operate 
  in 
  such 
  special 
  

   measures 
  as 
  the 
  trench 
  that 
  the 
  closely-settled 
  Watshaga 
  of 
  Kilimanjaro 
  have 
  interposed 
  

   between 
  their 
  cultivation 
  and 
  the 
  elephants 
  and 
  pigs 
  of 
  the 
  game 
  reserve 
  ; 
  and 
  it 
  

   will 
  also 
  render 
  the 
  general 
  task 
  of 
  administering 
  the 
  natives 
  incomparably 
  easier. 
  

  

  vS053 
  

  

  