﻿368 
  C. 
  F. 
  M. 
  SWYNNERTON. 
  

  

  School 
  Propaganda. 
  

  

  Propaganda 
  on 
  these 
  subjects 
  is, 
  relatively 
  speaking, 
  useless 
  in 
  respect 
  of 
  the 
  

   adult 
  native, 
  except 
  in 
  connection 
  with 
  a 
  danger 
  that 
  has 
  been 
  brought 
  home 
  to 
  him, 
  

   as 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  has 
  in 
  relation 
  to 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  Wasukuma 
  ; 
  yet 
  even 
  here 
  pro- 
  

   paganda 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  neglected. 
  But 
  school 
  children 
  are 
  far 
  more 
  receptive, 
  and 
  

   opportunity 
  will 
  doubtless 
  be 
  taken 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  schools 
  have 
  been 
  opened 
  or 
  are 
  

   being 
  opened 
  all 
  over 
  the 
  territory 
  to 
  teach 
  the 
  children, 
  amongst 
  other 
  matters 
  of 
  

   hygiene, 
  the 
  danger 
  of 
  the 
  tsetse-fly, 
  the 
  advantages 
  of 
  cattle-keeping, 
  the 
  circum- 
  

   stances 
  under 
  which 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  may 
  arise, 
  the 
  methods 
  of 
  preventing 
  it, 
  and 
  

   the 
  ways 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  natives 
  can 
  contribute 
  to 
  such 
  prevention 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  conquest 
  

   of 
  the 
  fly. 
  A 
  brief 
  circular 
  of 
  my 
  own 
  on 
  the 
  subject 
  of 
  tsetses 
  has 
  been 
  translated 
  

   by 
  the 
  Director 
  of 
  Education 
  (who 
  is 
  keenly 
  interested), 
  and 
  will, 
  I 
  understand, 
  be 
  

   distributed, 
  and 
  oral 
  teaching 
  will 
  be 
  still 
  more 
  useful. 
  Such 
  teaching 
  will 
  help 
  us 
  

   greatly 
  to 
  obtain 
  the 
  intelligent 
  co-operation 
  of 
  the 
  native 
  in 
  this 
  furtherance 
  of 
  his 
  

   own 
  interests 
  as 
  years 
  go 
  on. 
  

  

  XXIV 
  . 
  — 
  Conclusion 
  . 
  

   Apparent 
  Lessens 
  of 
  the 
  Outbreak. 
  

  

  1. 
  The 
  area 
  covered 
  by 
  the 
  epidemic 
  coincided 
  with 
  remarkable 
  closeness 
  with 
  

   a 
  section 
  of 
  the 
  fly-belt 
  in 
  which 
  game 
  was 
  markedly 
  scarcer 
  than 
  elsewhere, 
  and 
  

   in 
  which, 
  as 
  the 
  evidence 
  shows, 
  it 
  had 
  been 
  scarcer 
  still 
  earlier 
  in 
  the 
  outbreak. 
  

   More 
  factors 
  than 
  contact 
  with 
  the 
  game 
  helped 
  to 
  confine 
  the 
  outbreak, 
  but 
  all 
  

   observation 
  indicated 
  that 
  the 
  fly 
  was 
  here 
  concentrating 
  greatly 
  on 
  man, 
  and 
  that 
  

   in 
  the 
  game 
  area 
  it 
  was 
  not 
  ; 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  difficult 
  to 
  doubt 
  that 
  this 
  concentration, 
  

   the 
  result 
  of 
  game 
  destruction, 
  had 
  constituted 
  a 
  main 
  factor 
  in 
  the 
  production 
  of 
  

   the 
  epidemic, 
  the 
  other 
  being 
  famine. 
  Further, 
  on 
  page 
  349 
  I 
  have 
  quoted 
  evidence 
  

   from 
  other 
  parts 
  of 
  Africa 
  to 
  show 
  that 
  (apart 
  from 
  sporadic 
  cases) 
  it 
  is 
  quite 
  usual 
  

   for 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  to 
  be 
  associated 
  with 
  a 
  local 
  lack 
  of 
  game 
  and 
  a 
  consequent 
  

   concentration 
  of 
  tsetses 
  on 
  man, 
  and 
  that 
  in 
  Rhodesia 
  famine 
  alone 
  did 
  not 
  suffice 
  

   to 
  turn 
  sporadic 
  cases 
  into 
  an 
  epidemic. 
  

  

  2. 
  It 
  is 
  for 
  protozoologists 
  to 
  demonstrate 
  the 
  roles 
  and 
  relative 
  importance 
  of 
  

   cyclical 
  and 
  direct 
  transmission 
  in 
  human 
  trypanosomiasis, 
  sporadic 
  and 
  epidemic, 
  

   but 
  my 
  observations 
  demonstrated 
  that 
  conditions 
  strongly 
  favouring 
  direct 
  trans- 
  

   mission 
  are 
  present 
  in 
  the 
  normal 
  relations 
  of 
  man 
  to 
  flies 
  of 
  the 
  morsitans 
  group 
  that 
  

   have 
  been 
  led 
  to 
  concentrate 
  on 
  him. 
  

  

  3. 
  It 
  was 
  clear 
  from 
  the 
  evidence 
  that 
  the 
  infection 
  in 
  Usukuma, 
  once 
  set 
  

   going, 
  was 
  with 
  much 
  regularity 
  carried 
  from 
  man 
  to 
  man, 
  and, 
  while 
  it 
  may 
  yet 
  

   be 
  clearly 
  shown 
  that 
  Trypanosoma 
  rhodesiense 
  of 
  man 
  is 
  capable 
  of 
  arising 
  from 
  

   T. 
  brucei 
  of 
  the 
  game 
  in 
  places 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  fly 
  has 
  been 
  forced 
  to 
  concentrate 
  on 
  man 
  

   through 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  the 
  game, 
  Wolff's 
  record 
  of 
  the 
  capture 
  in 
  this 
  very 
  district, 
  

   by 
  the 
  Germans, 
  of 
  three 
  Belgian 
  native 
  soldiers 
  suffering 
  from 
  trypanosomiasis, 
  

   one 
  at 
  least 
  of 
  whom 
  was 
  alleged 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  treated 
  for 
  it 
  already 
  in 
  his 
  own 
  

   country, 
  shows 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  at 
  any 
  rate 
  no 
  final 
  necessity 
  to 
  resort 
  to 
  another 
  

   explanation 
  than 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  an 
  infective 
  person 
  for 
  the 
  first 
  origin 
  of 
  the 
  

   Usukuma 
  epidemic. 
  

  

  Local 
  Measures 
  against 
  Tsetse-flies. 
  

  

  In 
  my 
  Mozambique 
  report 
  (op. 
  cit. 
  pp. 
  382-385) 
  I 
  made 
  late 
  grass-burning 
  my 
  

   main 
  recommendation, 
  while 
  I 
  also 
  laid 
  stress 
  on 
  the 
  advantages 
  of 
  judicious 
  native 
  

   settlement 
  — 
  settlement, 
  that 
  is 
  to 
  say, 
  that 
  would 
  be 
  confined 
  to 
  the 
  points 
  that 
  are 
  

   essential 
  to 
  the 
  continued 
  occupation 
  of 
  the 
  area 
  by 
  the 
  fly 
  (p. 
  381 
  ) 
  . 
  For 
  the 
  Usukuma- 
  

   Chinyanga 
  area, 
  while 
  I 
  still 
  insist 
  on 
  burning, 
  I 
  make 
  judicious 
  native 
  settlement, 
  

   reinforced 
  locally 
  by 
  release 
  of 
  parasites 
  or 
  any 
  other 
  sufficiently 
  cheap 
  measure 
  

   that 
  may 
  commend 
  itself, 
  my 
  main 
  recommendation. 
  I 
  do 
  so 
  because 
  it 
  appears 
  

  

  