﻿374 
  W. 
  B. 
  JOHNSON 
  AND 
  LLEWELLYN 
  LLOYD. 
  

  

  It 
  was 
  decided 
  to 
  make 
  a 
  rapid 
  tsetse 
  survey 
  of 
  those 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  country 
  in 
  

   which 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  tsetse 
  was 
  least 
  known, 
  previous 
  surveys 
  from 
  this 
  point 
  of 
  

   view 
  having 
  been 
  carried 
  out 
  by 
  Macfie 
  (1) 
  in 
  Ilorin 
  Province, 
  and 
  by 
  Simpson 
  (2), 
  

   whose 
  route 
  is 
  shown 
  in 
  the 
  accompanying 
  map. 
  During 
  these 
  journeys 
  a 
  site 
  was 
  

   to 
  be 
  selected 
  for 
  future 
  experimental 
  work, 
  and 
  an 
  attempt 
  was 
  to 
  be 
  made 
  to 
  

   estimate 
  the 
  relative 
  importance 
  of 
  the 
  three 
  prevalent 
  species 
  of 
  tsetse 
  — 
  G. 
  palpalis, 
  

   G. 
  tachinoides 
  and 
  G. 
  morsitans. 
  This 
  was 
  done 
  by 
  studying 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  

   these 
  species 
  in 
  relation 
  to 
  population, 
  sleeping 
  sickness, 
  and 
  prevalence 
  of 
  domestic 
  

   stock, 
  especially 
  cattle. 
  Further, 
  a 
  considerable 
  number 
  of 
  each 
  species 
  of 
  fly 
  was 
  

   dissected 
  fully, 
  particularly 
  where 
  it 
  was 
  possible 
  to 
  contrast 
  the 
  different 
  flies 
  in 
  

   the 
  same 
  area. 
  In 
  this 
  way 
  some 
  information 
  as 
  regards 
  their 
  food 
  and 
  breeding 
  

   seasons 
  was 
  obtained, 
  while 
  data 
  relating 
  to 
  their 
  disease-carrying 
  capacities 
  were 
  

   also 
  collected. 
  

  

  The 
  ten 
  months 
  from 
  July 
  to 
  April 
  were 
  spent 
  on 
  the 
  survey, 
  and 
  in 
  May 
  a 
  

   temporary 
  camp 
  was 
  established 
  at 
  Mashiwashi, 
  in 
  the 
  south-east 
  of 
  Sokoto 
  Province, 
  

   and 
  on 
  the 
  northern 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  western 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  Kwiambana 
  Forest 
  Reserve, 
  

   a 
  thinly 
  populated 
  district 
  where 
  all 
  three 
  species 
  of 
  fly 
  may 
  be 
  obtained. 
  This 
  

   report 
  covers 
  the 
  survey 
  and 
  first 
  two 
  months' 
  work 
  at 
  Mashiwashi. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  not 
  proposed 
  to 
  detail 
  the 
  itinerary, 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  which 
  may 
  be 
  seen 
  in 
  

   the 
  accompanying 
  map. 
  Briefly, 
  the 
  survey 
  included 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  the 
  Niger 
  River 
  

   from 
  Baro 
  to 
  Lokoja, 
  the 
  Benue 
  River 
  from 
  Benue 
  Bridge 
  (Munshi 
  Province) 
  to 
  

   Numan 
  (Yola 
  Province), 
  the 
  proposed 
  course 
  of 
  the 
  new 
  Eastern 
  Railway 
  from 
  

   Kaduna 
  to 
  Benue 
  Bridge 
  through 
  Nassarawa 
  Province, 
  and 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  following 
  

   provinces 
  : 
  — 
  Sokoto, 
  Kano, 
  Bauchi, 
  Zaria 
  and 
  Nupe. 
  The 
  survey 
  was 
  assisted 
  by 
  

   a 
  number 
  of 
  medical 
  and 
  political 
  officers, 
  who 
  kindly 
  forwarded 
  specimens 
  of 
  

   tsetse-flies 
  with 
  details 
  of 
  localities. 
  These 
  records 
  are 
  all 
  included 
  in 
  the 
  map. 
  

  

  We 
  wish 
  to 
  express 
  our 
  thanks 
  to 
  these 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  officials 
  who 
  otherwise 
  assisted 
  

   us 
  while 
  in 
  their 
  districts, 
  also 
  to 
  Dr. 
  G. 
  A. 
  K. 
  Marshall, 
  C.M.G., 
  Director 
  of 
  the 
  

   Imperial 
  Bureau 
  of 
  Entomology, 
  for 
  his 
  courteous 
  aid 
  on 
  many 
  occasions. 
  The 
  

   officers 
  of 
  the 
  Veterinary 
  and 
  Forestry 
  Departments 
  of 
  the 
  Northern 
  Provinces 
  have 
  

   also 
  kindly 
  aided 
  us 
  by 
  supplying 
  information, 
  and 
  in 
  other 
  ways. 
  

  

  II. 
  — 
  Distribution 
  of 
  Tsetse-flies. 
  

  

  1. 
  Types 
  of 
  Forest 
  required 
  by 
  the 
  various 
  Species. 
  

  

  Four 
  species 
  of 
  Glossina 
  were 
  encountered, 
  palpalis, 
  tachinoides, 
  morsitans, 
  and 
  

   longipalpis, 
  and 
  a 
  few 
  specimens 
  of 
  fusca 
  were 
  received 
  from 
  near 
  Kabba. 
  The 
  four 
  

   were 
  never 
  taken 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  collection, 
  though 
  on 
  Baro 
  and 
  Lokoja 
  Hills 
  they 
  

   occurred 
  in 
  close 
  proximity. 
  G. 
  longipalpis 
  was 
  never 
  found 
  alone, 
  being 
  always 
  

   in 
  combination 
  with 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  three 
  species. 
  These 
  last 
  were 
  all 
  found 
  

   together 
  in 
  two 
  localities 
  only, 
  viz., 
  in 
  the 
  heavy 
  open 
  forest 
  near 
  the 
  headwaters 
  

   of 
  the 
  Gaji 
  River 
  (Bauchi 
  Province) 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  denser 
  riverside 
  forest 
  at 
  Mashiwashi. 
  

   G. 
  tachinoides 
  and 
  palpalis 
  were 
  frequently 
  found 
  together, 
  as 
  also 
  were 
  tachinoides 
  

   and 
  morsitans. 
  

  

  G. 
  palpalis 
  was 
  met 
  with 
  alone 
  in 
  the 
  dry 
  season 
  only 
  on 
  torrent 
  streams 
  which 
  

   contain 
  permanent, 
  or 
  almost 
  permanent, 
  running 
  water, 
  and 
  where 
  the 
  shade 
  trees 
  

   consist 
  of 
  dark-leaved 
  evergreens 
  on 
  steep 
  and 
  generally 
  rocky 
  banks 
  ; 
  the 
  bordering 
  

   shade 
  being 
  thus 
  narrow 
  ends 
  suddenly 
  in 
  long-grassed 
  land 
  with 
  scanty 
  deciduous 
  

   forest. 
  The 
  general 
  character 
  of 
  such 
  country 
  is 
  shown 
  in 
  Plate 
  xviii, 
  fig. 
  1 
  . 
  It 
  is 
  the 
  

   only 
  species 
  which 
  finds 
  all 
  its 
  requirements 
  in 
  the 
  shaded 
  river-beds, 
  and 
  the 
  wider 
  

   the 
  stream 
  the 
  more 
  numerous 
  the 
  fly, 
  provided 
  that 
  the 
  shaded 
  character 
  is 
  retained. 
  

   The 
  illustration 
  of 
  the 
  Bekin 
  River, 
  Nassarawa, 
  at 
  the 
  important 
  ford 
  on 
  the 
  Jemaa- 
  

   Naraguta 
  road 
  (Plate 
  xviii, 
  fig. 
  2) 
  shows 
  such 
  a 
  stream 
  heavily 
  infested 
  with 
  palpalis, 
  

   and 
  should 
  be 
  compared 
  with 
  Plate 
  xxi, 
  fig. 
  1, 
  which 
  shows 
  a 
  palpalis-iree 
  river. 
  

  

  