﻿REPORT 
  OF 
  TSETSE-FLY 
  INVESTIGATION 
  IN 
  NIGERIA. 
  377 
  

  

  bordering 
  the 
  Katagum 
  River 
  at 
  Sherifuri, 
  north 
  of 
  Azare, 
  in 
  Plate 
  xxi, 
  fig. 
  1. 
  

   G. 
  morsitans 
  also 
  occurred 
  in 
  this 
  particular 
  instance. 
  

  

  (1) 
  When 
  so 
  dense 
  as 
  to 
  be 
  almost 
  impenetrable 
  : 
  — 
  very 
  scanty 
  tachinoides. 
  

  

  (2) 
  With 
  open 
  spaces 
  below 
  trees 
  : 
  — 
  tachinoides, 
  and, 
  occasionally, 
  morsitans. 
  

  

  (d) 
  The 
  " 
  orchard 
  " 
  bush, 
  a 
  dry 
  deciduous 
  forest, 
  generally 
  very 
  thin, 
  with 
  an 
  

   undergrowth 
  of 
  long 
  grass 
  ; 
  often 
  a 
  secondary 
  growth 
  after 
  farming 
  ; 
  with 
  most 
  

   of 
  the 
  trees 
  mentioned 
  above 
  which 
  shed 
  their 
  foliage 
  in 
  the 
  dry 
  season 
  : 
  — 
  morsitans 
  

   locally 
  in 
  the 
  rains 
  and 
  early 
  dry 
  season, 
  a 
  few 
  palpalis 
  and 
  tachinoides 
  close 
  to 
  their 
  

   haunts, 
  especially 
  in 
  the 
  rainy 
  season. 
  

  

  (e) 
  The 
  thorn 
  forests 
  of 
  Kano, 
  Sokoto, 
  Bornu 
  and 
  eastern 
  Bauchi 
  Provinces 
  ; 
  

   with 
  such 
  trees 
  as 
  Anogeissus 
  leiocarpus, 
  Acacia 
  spp., 
  Adansonia 
  digitata 
  (kuka), 
  

   Bombax 
  buonopozense 
  (kuriya), 
  Combretum 
  sp. 
  (geza), 
  Zizyphus 
  jujuba 
  (magariya), 
  

   Balanites 
  aegyptiaca 
  (aduwa), 
  Tamarindus 
  indica 
  (tsamiya), 
  Boswellia 
  dalzielii 
  (hano). 
  

   The 
  type 
  is 
  illustrated 
  in 
  Plate 
  xxi, 
  fig. 
  2, 
  taken 
  shortly 
  after 
  fire. 
  

  

  (1) 
  Dense, 
  near 
  permanent, 
  or 
  almost 
  permanent, 
  water: 
  — 
  tachinoides, 
  and, 
  

  

  locally, 
  morsitans. 
  

  

  (2) 
  Thin 
  and 
  dry 
  : 
  — 
  locally, 
  morsitans 
  ; 
  and 
  rare 
  stragglers 
  of 
  tachinoides 
  (more 
  

  

  numerous 
  in 
  the 
  rains) 
  near 
  their 
  haunts. 
  ■ 
  

  

  (/) 
  Fadama 
  : 
  long- 
  grass 
  areas 
  swampy 
  in 
  the 
  rains, 
  the 
  only 
  common 
  tree 
  being 
  

   Mitragyne 
  africana 
  (giyeya) 
  -.—morsitans 
  locally, 
  and 
  occasional 
  individuals 
  of 
  the 
  

   other 
  species 
  near 
  their 
  haunts. 
  

  

  III. 
  — 
  Breeding 
  Habits. 
  

  

  1. 
  Glossina 
  palpalis. 
  

  

  Although 
  this 
  fly 
  is 
  prevalent 
  in 
  many 
  places 
  that 
  we 
  have 
  visited, 
  it 
  was 
  really 
  

   numerous 
  only 
  on 
  the 
  Niger 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  rains, 
  on 
  the 
  larger 
  rivers 
  of 
  Nassarawa, 
  

   and 
  on 
  the 
  Benue 
  about 
  Abinsi. 
  Consequently 
  searches 
  for 
  pupae 
  revealed 
  only 
  

   small 
  numbers. 
  They 
  were 
  collected 
  in 
  20 
  positions, 
  in 
  every 
  case 
  in 
  sand, 
  with 
  or 
  

   without 
  vegetable 
  debris 
  overlying 
  it. 
  These 
  were 
  always 
  very 
  close 
  to 
  water. 
  

   In 
  14 
  instances 
  there 
  was 
  shrubby 
  undergrowth 
  above 
  the 
  pupae 
  or 
  closely 
  backing 
  

   the 
  sand-bank 
  in 
  which 
  they 
  were 
  found 
  ; 
  twice 
  (18 
  and 
  1 
  pupae 
  respectively) 
  they 
  

   were 
  below 
  sloping 
  tree-trunks 
  ; 
  once 
  (13 
  pupae) 
  focussed 
  around 
  a 
  small 
  upright 
  

   dead 
  stump 
  with 
  thin 
  shade 
  20 
  ft. 
  above 
  ; 
  and 
  once 
  (2 
  empty 
  cases) 
  very 
  exposed 
  

   with 
  the 
  scantiest 
  of 
  high 
  shade 
  above 
  them. 
  In 
  18 
  cases 
  there 
  was 
  high 
  thin 
  ever- 
  

   green 
  shade 
  and 
  in 
  two 
  instances 
  this 
  was 
  lacking, 
  there 
  being 
  shrub 
  shade 
  only. 
  

   The 
  positions 
  are 
  thus 
  quite 
  similar 
  to 
  those 
  described 
  for 
  this 
  species 
  in 
  East 
  Africa. 
  

   Particularly 
  favourable 
  sites 
  were 
  the 
  high 
  sand 
  banks 
  thrown 
  up 
  where 
  a 
  small 
  

   stream 
  joins 
  a 
  larger 
  one. 
  In 
  one 
  such 
  spot 
  140 
  pupae 
  were 
  collected 
  by 
  two 
  searchers 
  

   in 
  a 
  few 
  minutes. 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  rains 
  the 
  searches 
  failed 
  to 
  reveal 
  any 
  pupae 
  beyond 
  an 
  occasional 
  

   old 
  case, 
  all 
  the 
  normal 
  breeding 
  grounds 
  being 
  then 
  inundated 
  or 
  water-logged. 
  

   There 
  was 
  also 
  a 
  little 
  evidence 
  obtained 
  by 
  dissections 
  that 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  breeding 
  

   is 
  restrained 
  in 
  the 
  height 
  of 
  the 
  rains 
  and 
  at 
  their 
  close. 
  In 
  the 
  late 
  rains 
  (September 
  

   and 
  October) 
  out 
  of 
  59 
  females 
  examined 
  only 
  13 
  (22 
  per 
  cent.) 
  were 
  pregnant 
  ; 
  

   while 
  in 
  the 
  dry 
  season 
  (December, 
  January, 
  March) 
  and 
  early 
  rains 
  (April) 
  out 
  of 
  

   172 
  females 
  dissected 
  117 
  (68 
  per 
  cent.) 
  contained 
  larvae. 
  

  

  2. 
  Glossina 
  tachinoides. 
  

  

  The 
  breeding 
  habits 
  of 
  this 
  fly 
  are 
  little 
  known 
  and 
  will 
  therefore 
  be 
  discussed 
  

   in 
  more 
  detail. 
  

  

  