﻿REPORT 
  OF 
  TSETSE-FLY 
  INVESTIGATION 
  IN 
  NIGERIA. 
  391 
  

  

  where 
  water 
  was 
  drawn 
  for 
  them 
  hand 
  over 
  hand 
  in 
  gourds. 
  At 
  Dau, 
  eight 
  miles 
  

   away, 
  there 
  was 
  abundant 
  surface 
  water 
  and 
  excellent 
  grazing. 
  Passing 
  up 
  the 
  

   Benue 
  in 
  the 
  tsetse 
  areas 
  to 
  a 
  point 
  below 
  Dau 
  no 
  cattle 
  are 
  seen 
  except 
  a 
  very 
  few 
  

   slaughter 
  cattle 
  at 
  Ibi, 
  but 
  from 
  this 
  point 
  to 
  Numan 
  they 
  are 
  gathered 
  literally 
  in 
  

   thousands 
  on 
  the 
  sand-banks 
  at 
  night. 
  The 
  tsetse 
  prohibit 
  the 
  natural 
  expansion 
  

   of 
  the 
  stock 
  industry 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  important 
  to 
  estimate 
  the 
  relative 
  culpability 
  of 
  the 
  

   prevalent 
  species. 
  

  

  Table 
  VI 
  shows 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  localities 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  three 
  prevalent 
  species 
  

   of 
  tsetse 
  have 
  been 
  encountered 
  alone 
  or 
  in 
  combination, 
  and 
  an 
  indication 
  of 
  the 
  

   relative 
  quantities 
  of 
  game 
  and 
  cattle 
  in 
  these. 
  

  

  G. 
  morsitans 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  alone, 
  or 
  with 
  one 
  or 
  both 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  species, 
  in 
  

   47 
  localities, 
  and 
  cattle 
  are 
  noted 
  as 
  being 
  present 
  in 
  one 
  of 
  these 
  and 
  very 
  numerous 
  

   in 
  two 
  ; 
  these 
  latter 
  being 
  on 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  main 
  roads 
  from 
  Sokoto 
  along 
  which 
  slaughter 
  

   cattle 
  are 
  driven 
  south, 
  and 
  there 
  are 
  few 
  if 
  any 
  resident 
  cattle 
  in 
  them. 
  Several 
  

   localities 
  where 
  a 
  single 
  individual 
  morsitans 
  was 
  taken 
  are 
  omitted, 
  as 
  these 
  were 
  

   all 
  close 
  to 
  large 
  morsitans 
  areas 
  and 
  the 
  flies 
  were 
  clearly 
  stragglers. 
  Large 
  game 
  

   is 
  absent 
  in 
  none, 
  scanty 
  in 
  13, 
  numerous 
  in 
  34. 
  

  

  G. 
  tachinoides 
  alone 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  32 
  localities 
  ; 
  cattle 
  are 
  absent 
  in 
  17, 
  but 
  

   9 
  of 
  these 
  are 
  on 
  the 
  Benue 
  River 
  in 
  places 
  very 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  morsitans 
  belts, 
  with 
  

   which 
  cattle 
  brought 
  to 
  the 
  river 
  must 
  come 
  in 
  contact 
  ; 
  they 
  are 
  present 
  in 
  6 
  ; 
  

   numerous 
  in 
  4 
  ; 
  and 
  very 
  numerous 
  in 
  5, 
  all 
  of 
  these 
  being 
  resident 
  cattle. 
  Large 
  

   game 
  is 
  absent 
  in 
  16 
  ; 
  scanty 
  in 
  2 
  ; 
  numerous 
  in 
  14. 
  Game 
  of 
  any 
  sort 
  is 
  virtually 
  

   absent 
  in 
  3. 
  

  

  G. 
  palpalis 
  alone 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  36 
  localities 
  ; 
  cattle 
  are 
  absent 
  in 
  17 
  ; 
  present 
  

   in 
  3 
  ; 
  numerous 
  in 
  4 
  ; 
  very 
  numerous 
  in 
  12, 
  4 
  of 
  which 
  contain 
  resident 
  cattle 
  and 
  

   8 
  are 
  on 
  the 
  Sokoto 
  road 
  mentioned 
  above. 
  Large 
  game 
  is 
  absent 
  in 
  18 
  ; 
  present 
  

   in 
  12 
  ; 
  numerous 
  in 
  6. 
  

  

  G. 
  tachinoides 
  and 
  G. 
  palpalis 
  together 
  in 
  the 
  absence 
  of 
  morsitans 
  have 
  been 
  

   found 
  in 
  8 
  localities 
  ; 
  cattle 
  are 
  absent 
  in 
  7, 
  4 
  of 
  these 
  being 
  on 
  the 
  Benue 
  close 
  to 
  

   the 
  morsitans 
  belts 
  ; 
  very 
  numerous 
  in 
  one, 
  these 
  being 
  resident 
  herds 
  at 
  Tilde 
  Filani 
  

   in 
  close 
  contact 
  with 
  the 
  flies, 
  but 
  in 
  absence 
  of 
  game 
  large 
  or 
  small. 
  Large 
  game 
  

   is 
  absent 
  in 
  2 
  (small 
  game 
  also 
  absent) 
  ; 
  present 
  in 
  2 
  ; 
  and 
  numerous 
  in 
  4. 
  

  

  These 
  findings 
  as 
  regards 
  cattle 
  and 
  morsitans 
  agree 
  with 
  those 
  of 
  Macfie 
  in 
  

   Ilorin 
  Province 
  (1). 
  

  

  The 
  combination 
  morsitans 
  and 
  game 
  is 
  practically 
  prohibitive 
  to 
  domestic 
  

   animals. 
  In 
  fact 
  the 
  natives 
  do 
  not 
  attempt 
  to 
  keep 
  cattle 
  in 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  morsitans 
  

   country, 
  giving 
  some 
  fantastic 
  reason 
  for 
  avoiding 
  it. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  reason 
  to 
  suppose 
  

   that 
  the 
  morsitans 
  areas 
  are 
  extending 
  in 
  the 
  country, 
  and 
  since 
  they 
  are 
  avoided 
  

   it 
  is 
  possible 
  that 
  this 
  fly 
  does 
  not 
  cause 
  very 
  much 
  direct 
  loss 
  to 
  the 
  cattle 
  owners, 
  

   except 
  among 
  animals 
  being 
  driven 
  to 
  slaughter, 
  which 
  often 
  die 
  by 
  the 
  wayside. 
  

   The 
  indirect 
  loss 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  closing 
  of 
  the 
  best 
  country 
  is 
  great. 
  

  

  Where 
  tachinoides 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  big 
  game 
  the 
  proportion 
  of 
  flies 
  

   which 
  contain 
  trypanosomes 
  in 
  their 
  proboscides 
  (i.e., 
  the 
  main 
  stock-infecting 
  

   trypanosomes) 
  is 
  considerable, 
  and, 
  as 
  this 
  fly 
  is 
  not 
  avoided, 
  like 
  morsitans, 
  being 
  

   not 
  prohibitive 
  to 
  stock, 
  it 
  is 
  believed 
  that 
  it 
  causes 
  more 
  direct 
  loss 
  than 
  the 
  pro- 
  

   hibitive 
  species 
  when 
  the 
  cattle 
  make 
  their 
  annual 
  treks 
  in 
  search 
  of 
  better 
  grazing 
  

   and 
  water. 
  Even 
  in 
  the 
  heart 
  of 
  the 
  cattle 
  country 
  a 
  considerable 
  proportion 
  of 
  

   the 
  tachinoides 
  are 
  infected 
  with 
  these 
  trypanosomes, 
  and 
  the 
  infected 
  cattle 
  

   doubtless 
  keep 
  up 
  this 
  proportion. 
  

  

  From 
  the 
  data 
  obtained 
  it 
  would 
  be 
  difficult 
  to 
  say 
  whether 
  G. 
  palpalis 
  ranks 
  

   above 
  or 
  below 
  tachinoides 
  as 
  an 
  infector 
  of 
  cattle, 
  but 
  its 
  limited 
  haunts 
  in 
  the 
  

   country 
  compared 
  with 
  the 
  wide 
  range 
  of 
  the 
  smaller 
  species 
  leaves 
  no 
  doubt 
  at 
  all 
  

   but 
  that 
  the 
  latter 
  is 
  the 
  more 
  harmful 
  fly 
  in 
  the 
  aggregate. 
  

  

  (8455) 
  2e2 
  

  

  