﻿394 
  W. 
  B. 
  JOHNSON 
  AND 
  LLEWELLYN 
  LLOYD. 
  

  

  whereas 
  villages 
  further 
  up 
  the 
  valley, 
  whose 
  inhabitants 
  had 
  only 
  occasional 
  contact 
  

   with 
  fly, 
  had 
  suffered 
  only 
  sporadic 
  cases. 
  The 
  relative 
  position 
  of 
  these 
  villages 
  

   to 
  the 
  fly 
  area 
  is 
  shown 
  in 
  the 
  accompanying 
  sketch 
  map 
  (a) 
  . 
  

  

  2. 
  Aulami 
  district, 
  Katagum 
  Division, 
  Kano 
  Province. 
  Farming 
  villages 
  upon 
  

   the 
  edge 
  of 
  thorn 
  forest, 
  swampy 
  in 
  the 
  rains, 
  bordering 
  the 
  Kiawa 
  River 
  not 
  far 
  

   from 
  its 
  junction 
  with 
  the 
  Katagum 
  River. 
  The 
  villages 
  of 
  Aulami 
  and 
  Hadubia 
  

   had 
  been 
  deserted 
  when 
  we 
  visited 
  the 
  area 
  in 
  1921, 
  but 
  villages 
  on 
  high 
  sandy 
  ground 
  

   adjoining, 
  but 
  further 
  from 
  the 
  river, 
  remained, 
  although 
  sporadic 
  cases 
  of 
  sleeping 
  

   sickness 
  occurred 
  in 
  them. 
  Trypanosomes 
  were 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  gland 
  juice 
  of 
  two 
  

   natives 
  who 
  had 
  lived 
  in 
  the 
  villages 
  now 
  deserted 
  and 
  in 
  one 
  inhabitant 
  of 
  a 
  village 
  

   upon 
  the 
  high 
  ground. 
  The 
  banks 
  of 
  the 
  Kiawa 
  River 
  are 
  infested 
  by 
  G. 
  tachinoides 
  ; 
  

   the 
  inhabitants 
  of 
  Aulami 
  and 
  Hadubia 
  had 
  lived 
  in 
  intimate 
  contact 
  with 
  the 
  fly 
  

   until 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  occurred 
  in 
  epidemic 
  form, 
  whereas 
  only 
  sporadic 
  cases 
  had 
  

   occurred 
  in 
  villages 
  upon 
  the 
  higher 
  ground 
  away 
  from 
  the 
  river, 
  where 
  water 
  is 
  

   obtained 
  from 
  wells 
  and 
  only 
  occasional 
  contact 
  with 
  fly 
  is 
  incurred. 
  G. 
  tachinoides 
  

   is 
  the 
  prevalent 
  fly, 
  but 
  morsitans 
  is 
  present 
  in 
  small 
  numbers 
  in 
  the 
  thorn 
  forest 
  ; 
  

   palpalis 
  is 
  not 
  present. 
  The 
  relative 
  positions 
  of 
  these 
  villages 
  to 
  the 
  fly 
  area 
  are 
  

   shown 
  in 
  sketch 
  map 
  (b). 
  

  

  3. 
  The 
  Dingaiya 
  Valley, 
  Kano 
  Province. 
  A 
  stream 
  infested 
  by 
  G. 
  tachinoides 
  

   running 
  parallel 
  with 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  main 
  road 
  from 
  Kano 
  to 
  Nafada 
  between 
  

   Dingaiya 
  and 
  Baserka, 
  near 
  which 
  place 
  it 
  falls 
  into 
  the 
  Messau 
  River. 
  Deserted 
  

   villages 
  are 
  scattered 
  along 
  this 
  valley, 
  notably 
  the 
  villages 
  of 
  Kundum 
  and 
  Kaser- 
  

   indum, 
  and 
  the 
  history 
  obtained 
  is 
  always 
  that 
  of 
  farming 
  new 
  areas 
  along 
  the 
  stream 
  

   followed 
  by 
  epidemic 
  disease 
  within 
  a 
  year 
  or 
  two. 
  No 
  cases 
  were 
  seen 
  upon 
  our 
  

   visit 
  in 
  1921, 
  but 
  Dr. 
  E. 
  J. 
  Porteous 
  in 
  1914 
  found 
  trypanosomes 
  in 
  the 
  gland 
  juice 
  

   of 
  one 
  case 
  at 
  Baserka 
  who 
  had 
  been 
  infected 
  at 
  Kundum. 
  G. 
  tachinoides 
  is 
  the 
  only 
  

   species 
  of 
  tsetse 
  in 
  this 
  district. 
  

  

  4. 
  Villages 
  upon 
  the 
  tsetse-infested 
  tributaries 
  of 
  the 
  River 
  Kano, 
  south 
  of 
  

   Tundun 
  Wada, 
  Kano 
  Province 
  ; 
  visited 
  by 
  us 
  in 
  1921. 
  Conditions 
  were 
  found 
  to 
  

   be 
  similar 
  to 
  those 
  described 
  in 
  (3) 
  above, 
  with 
  desertion 
  of 
  farms 
  ; 
  one 
  clinically 
  

   positive 
  late 
  case 
  of 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  was 
  found, 
  but 
  trypanosomes 
  were 
  not 
  

   demonstrated. 
  G. 
  tachinoides 
  was 
  the 
  only 
  species 
  of 
  tsetse 
  taken 
  in 
  this 
  district. 
  

  

  5. 
  Many 
  other 
  instances 
  have 
  come 
  to 
  our 
  notice 
  elsewhere 
  in 
  Kano 
  and 
  Bauchi 
  

   Provinces, 
  notably 
  in 
  the 
  latter 
  Province 
  along 
  the 
  Waja 
  River, 
  a 
  tributary 
  of 
  the 
  

   River 
  Gongola, 
  where 
  tachinoides 
  and 
  morsitans 
  were 
  taken 
  in 
  numbers 
  but 
  palpalis 
  

   did 
  not 
  appear 
  to 
  occur. 
  

  

  The 
  incidence 
  of 
  epidemic 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  in 
  association 
  with 
  intimate 
  contact 
  

   of 
  man 
  with 
  G. 
  tachinoides, 
  and 
  of 
  sporadic 
  cases 
  where 
  contact 
  is 
  less 
  intimate, 
  is 
  

   shown 
  in 
  sketch 
  map 
  (a) 
  and 
  (b) 
  of 
  the. 
  Gimi 
  and 
  Aulami 
  districts 
  described 
  above. 
  

  

  We 
  have 
  not 
  come 
  across 
  any 
  association 
  in 
  the 
  native 
  mind 
  between 
  tsetse 
  and 
  

   sleeping 
  sickness, 
  but 
  instances 
  of 
  avoidance 
  of 
  tsetse 
  streams 
  or 
  forest 
  are 
  common. 
  

   The 
  usual 
  explanations 
  given 
  are 
  (1) 
  that 
  the 
  area 
  is 
  haunted 
  by 
  spirits, 
  or 
  (2) 
  that 
  

   the 
  water 
  is 
  bad 
  — 
  we 
  have 
  camped 
  near 
  such 
  an 
  area 
  where 
  the 
  natives 
  fetched 
  water 
  

   from 
  a 
  distance 
  rather 
  than 
  use 
  that 
  of 
  a 
  pool 
  close 
  to 
  our 
  camp. 
  The 
  dangerous 
  

   nature 
  of 
  the 
  water 
  is 
  ascribed 
  variously 
  to 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  poisonous 
  leaves 
  (e.g. 
  

   the 
  leaves 
  of 
  the 
  sasswood, 
  Erythrophloeum 
  guineense), 
  or 
  rather 
  quaintly 
  to 
  the 
  

   fanciful 
  assumption 
  that 
  mosquitos 
  void 
  their 
  urine 
  therein. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  clear 
  that 
  sleeping 
  sickness 
  can 
  appear 
  and 
  become 
  epidemic 
  in 
  localities 
  

   where 
  the 
  only 
  tsetse 
  carrier 
  present 
  is 
  G. 
  tachinoides, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  at 
  least 
  probable 
  that 
  

   this 
  species 
  is 
  responsible 
  for 
  the 
  disease 
  in 
  such 
  areas 
  as 
  the 
  mid 
  Benue 
  region, 
  

   where 
  tachinoides 
  abounds 
  and 
  palpalis 
  is 
  scanty. 
  As 
  an 
  example 
  of 
  this, 
  Jibu, 
  at 
  

   the 
  mouth 
  of 
  the 
  Donga 
  River, 
  may 
  be 
  quoted. 
  Here 
  a 
  large 
  farm 
  abuts 
  on 
  a 
  piece 
  

   of 
  forest 
  infested 
  by 
  tachinoides, 
  which 
  was 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  breeding 
  within 
  a 
  few 
  yards 
  

  

  