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  REPORT 
  ON 
  A 
  TEST 
  OF 
  A 
  METHOD 
  OF 
  ATTACKING 
  GLOSSINA 
  BY 
  

  

  ARTIFICIAL 
  BREEDING 
  PLACES. 
  

  

  By 
  G. 
  D. 
  Hale 
  Carpenter, 
  M.D., 
  F.E.S., 
  

   Uganda 
  Medical 
  Service. 
  

  

  In 
  1913 
  Major 
  Austen 
  asked 
  me 
  whether 
  it 
  would 
  not 
  be 
  possible 
  to 
  reproduce 
  

   artificially 
  the 
  conditions 
  which 
  tempt 
  the 
  female 
  Glossina 
  palpalis 
  to 
  deposit 
  its 
  

   larvae 
  (Report 
  of 
  Departmental 
  Committee 
  of 
  Colonial 
  Office 
  on 
  Sleeping 
  Sickness, 
  

   June 
  1914. 
  Questions 
  1420, 
  1421) 
  I 
  replied 
  that 
  I 
  thought 
  it 
  would, 
  and 
  early 
  in 
  

   1914, 
  on 
  my 
  return 
  to 
  Uganda, 
  commenced 
  a 
  preliminary 
  experiment 
  to 
  test 
  the 
  

   possibility 
  of 
  reducing 
  the 
  numbers 
  of 
  palpalis 
  by 
  providing 
  highly 
  attractive 
  artificial 
  

   shelters 
  under 
  which 
  larvae 
  would 
  be 
  deposited 
  in 
  numbers, 
  and 
  where 
  the 
  pupae 
  

   could 
  be 
  collected 
  easily 
  and 
  regularly 
  destroyed. 
  These 
  preliminary 
  investigations 
  

   were 
  described 
  in 
  my 
  Fifth 
  Report 
  on 
  the 
  bionomics 
  of 
  palpalis 
  published 
  in 
  the 
  

   Reports 
  of 
  the 
  Royal 
  Society's 
  Sleeping 
  Sickness 
  Commission 
  (No. 
  xvii), 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  

   claimed 
  that 
  these 
  results 
  were 
  sufficiently 
  promising 
  to 
  make 
  the 
  method 
  worth 
  

   attention 
  and 
  further 
  experimental 
  trial. 
  Before 
  I 
  went 
  on 
  long 
  leave 
  in 
  1919 
  I 
  had 
  

   arranged 
  for 
  such 
  a 
  trial 
  to 
  be 
  carried 
  out 
  in 
  my 
  absence, 
  but 
  the 
  experiment 
  came 
  

   to 
  an 
  end 
  from 
  causes 
  beyond 
  my 
  control 
  before 
  a 
  satisfactory 
  result 
  could 
  be 
  obtained 
  

   either 
  confirming 
  or 
  contradicting 
  the 
  claims 
  made 
  for 
  the 
  method. 
  

  

  It 
  was 
  not 
  possible 
  to 
  initiate 
  another 
  test 
  until 
  February 
  1921, 
  when 
  I 
  went 
  

   out 
  to 
  the 
  two 
  islands 
  of 
  Bulago 
  and 
  Kimmi 
  to 
  supervise 
  the 
  construction 
  of 
  the 
  

   shelters. 
  These 
  have 
  been 
  previously 
  described, 
  and 
  each 
  consists 
  merely 
  of 
  a 
  low 
  

   sloping 
  thatched 
  roof 
  built 
  over 
  suitable 
  loose 
  soil 
  near 
  the 
  water 
  at 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  lake 
  

   shore 
  where 
  fly 
  was 
  abundant 
  and 
  where 
  the 
  conditions 
  existed 
  that 
  are 
  known 
  to 
  

   be 
  favourable 
  to 
  the 
  pupae. 
  

  

  The 
  islands 
  of 
  Kimmi 
  and 
  Bulago 
  had 
  been 
  closely 
  studied 
  and 
  the 
  natural 
  

   breeding 
  grounds 
  of 
  palpalis, 
  which 
  is 
  abundant, 
  were 
  all 
  known. 
  In 
  December 
  

   1919 
  timed 
  catches 
  of 
  palpalis 
  at 
  different 
  parts 
  of 
  Kimmi 
  gave 
  an 
  average 
  estimate 
  

   of 
  75 
  males 
  caught 
  per 
  boy 
  per 
  hour, 
  and 
  for 
  Bulago 
  the 
  average 
  was 
  49. 
  

  

  The 
  islands 
  of 
  Kimmi 
  and 
  Bulago 
  lie 
  about 
  ten 
  and 
  seven 
  miles 
  respectively 
  

   from 
  the 
  nearest 
  point 
  of 
  the 
  mainland, 
  and 
  about 
  fifteen 
  miles 
  south-east 
  of 
  Entebbe. 
  

   A 
  map 
  showing 
  the 
  relative 
  sizes 
  and 
  positions 
  of 
  these 
  and 
  the 
  neighbouring 
  islands 
  

   has 
  already 
  been 
  published 
  in 
  this 
  Bulletin 
  (vol. 
  x, 
  p. 
  352). 
  

  

  The 
  small 
  island 
  of 
  Tavu 
  served 
  as 
  a 
  possible 
  control 
  in 
  the 
  event 
  of 
  the 
  experiment 
  

   having 
  caused 
  a 
  reduction 
  in 
  numbers 
  of 
  the 
  fly 
  on 
  Kimmi 
  and 
  Bulago 
  ; 
  a 
  catch 
  

   made 
  in 
  December 
  1921, 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  time 
  as 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  two 
  islands, 
  gave 
  an 
  average 
  

   figure 
  of 
  forty-seven 
  males 
  per 
  boy 
  per 
  hour. 
  The 
  two 
  islands, 
  Kimmi 
  and 
  Bulago, 
  

   differ 
  greatly 
  ; 
  the 
  former 
  is 
  flat 
  and 
  almost 
  covered 
  with 
  forest 
  and 
  the 
  jungle 
  that 
  

   grows 
  up 
  in 
  neglected 
  banana 
  plantations 
  ; 
  while 
  the 
  greater 
  part 
  of 
  Bulago 
  is 
  open 
  

   grass-land, 
  save 
  for 
  the 
  northern 
  peninsula 
  and 
  a 
  narrow 
  strip 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  and 
  

   western 
  coasts, 
  which 
  are 
  forested, 
  and 
  the 
  eastern 
  and 
  southern 
  coasts 
  are 
  covered 
  

   with 
  thin 
  bush. 
  Two 
  rounded 
  hills 
  rise 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  grass-land 
  to 
  a 
  height 
  of 
  about 
  

   300 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  water. 
  

  

  The 
  shelters 
  were 
  placed 
  at 
  various 
  points 
  round 
  the 
  islands. 
  On 
  Bulago 
  a 
  

   naturally 
  attractive 
  spot 
  was 
  found 
  and 
  left 
  for 
  comparison 
  with 
  the 
  artificial 
  

   shelters 
  ; 
  it 
  consisted 
  of 
  a 
  large 
  tree-trunk 
  and 
  mass 
  of 
  roots 
  overhanging 
  sand 
  near 
  

   the 
  water. 
  This 
  was 
  called 
  locality 
  No. 
  2, 
  and 
  was 
  visited 
  regularly. 
  On 
  Kimmi 
  

   two 
  such 
  natural 
  places 
  were 
  visited, 
  one 
  in 
  the 
  forest 
  at 
  a 
  little 
  distance 
  from 
  the 
  

   east 
  coast 
  and 
  one 
  at 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  forest 
  on 
  the 
  south 
  coast 
  ; 
  both 
  were 
  made 
  

   by 
  trees 
  torn 
  up 
  by 
  the 
  wind, 
  so 
  that 
  their 
  roots 
  formed 
  a 
  pent-house. 
  These 
  were 
  

   Nos. 
  4 
  and 
  7. 
  The 
  shelters 
  were 
  made 
  on 
  a 
  uniform 
  plan 
  but 
  did 
  not 
  all 
  face 
  in 
  the 
  

   same 
  direction. 
  It 
  was 
  important 
  to 
  place 
  them 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  slope 
  of 
  the 
  roof 
  faced 
  

  

  