﻿396 
  W. 
  F. 
  FISKE. 
  

  

  in 
  the 
  more 
  protected 
  bays 
  and 
  channels 
  of 
  islands 
  and 
  mainland 
  would 
  doubtfully 
  

   be 
  possible 
  ; 
  nor 
  would 
  it 
  be 
  necessary, 
  for 
  these 
  tracts 
  are 
  beyond 
  the 
  range 
  of 
  tsetse. 
  

   It 
  can 
  exist 
  despite 
  beasts 
  of 
  prey 
  and 
  European 
  or 
  native 
  hunters 
  in 
  such 
  natural 
  

   protection, 
  and 
  requires 
  no 
  additional 
  legal 
  protection 
  to 
  save 
  it 
  from 
  extinction 
  ; 
  

   and 
  under 
  such 
  conditions 
  it 
  is 
  harmless. 
  But 
  on 
  the 
  islands 
  where 
  leopards 
  are 
  absent, 
  

   it 
  is 
  absolutely 
  to 
  be 
  classed 
  as 
  vermin 
  wherever 
  a 
  human 
  population 
  exists 
  or 
  may 
  

   exist. 
  

  

  Hippopotamus. 
  

  

  Hippopotamus 
  is 
  generally 
  distributed 
  and, 
  for 
  an 
  animal 
  of 
  its 
  size, 
  common 
  

   nearly 
  everywhere 
  on 
  the 
  island 
  and 
  mainland 
  shores. 
  It 
  stands 
  fourth 
  in 
  importance 
  

   among 
  the 
  hosts 
  of 
  Glossina, 
  but 
  is 
  of 
  much 
  less 
  importance 
  than 
  its 
  numbers 
  might 
  

   imply, 
  because 
  of 
  its 
  habits. 
  There 
  are 
  isolated 
  individuals 
  and 
  small 
  herds 
  (herds 
  

   of 
  more 
  than 
  15 
  or 
  20 
  are 
  rarely 
  encountered) 
  which 
  habitually 
  sleep 
  on 
  land 
  or 
  with 
  

   their 
  bodies 
  partly 
  exposed 
  along 
  shore 
  during 
  the 
  hours 
  of 
  activity 
  of 
  the 
  fly, 
  but 
  

   these 
  comprise 
  only 
  a 
  small 
  minority 
  of 
  the 
  animals 
  in 
  this 
  region. 
  Those 
  composing 
  

   the 
  large 
  majority 
  habitually 
  sleep 
  in 
  deep 
  water, 
  and 
  are 
  very 
  rarely 
  seen 
  on 
  land 
  

   or 
  near 
  enough 
  to 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  reached 
  by 
  the 
  fly 
  during 
  hours 
  of 
  its 
  greater 
  activity. 
  

  

  In 
  a 
  very 
  few 
  cases, 
  where 
  herds 
  or 
  individuals 
  habitually 
  repaired 
  to 
  some 
  small 
  

   islet 
  or 
  isolated 
  peninsula 
  to 
  sleep 
  by 
  day, 
  the 
  density 
  of 
  tsetse 
  appeared 
  to 
  be 
  greater 
  

   than 
  would 
  otherwise 
  have 
  been 
  expected. 
  But 
  it 
  is 
  improbable 
  that 
  the 
  effect 
  

   of 
  the 
  extermination 
  of 
  this 
  animal 
  on 
  range 
  and 
  density 
  of 
  fly 
  could 
  be 
  easily 
  

   measured 
  or 
  appreciated. 
  At 
  all 
  events 
  it 
  is 
  only 
  those 
  particular 
  individuals 
  or 
  

   herds 
  that 
  sleep 
  on 
  or 
  close 
  to 
  shore 
  which 
  are 
  of 
  any 
  account 
  in 
  this 
  connection. 
  

  

  The 
  animals 
  have 
  not 
  increased 
  in 
  numbers 
  according 
  to 
  some 
  natives, 
  and 
  have 
  

   done 
  so 
  according 
  to 
  others, 
  as 
  a 
  result 
  of 
  depopulation. 
  They 
  were 
  formerly 
  hunted, 
  

   not 
  very 
  successfully, 
  for 
  flesh 
  and 
  skin, 
  and 
  also 
  as 
  pests, 
  for 
  they 
  may 
  be 
  terribly 
  

   destructive 
  to 
  plantations. 
  On 
  many 
  islands 
  it 
  was 
  necessary 
  to 
  protect 
  plantations 
  

   from 
  their 
  ravages 
  by 
  deep 
  ditches 
  on 
  the 
  water 
  side, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  on 
  all 
  sides. 
  

  

  Probably 
  the 
  most 
  pronounced 
  effect 
  produced 
  by 
  the 
  presence 
  and 
  activities 
  

   of 
  these 
  animals 
  on 
  Glossina 
  is 
  that 
  they 
  keep 
  open 
  and 
  closely 
  cropped 
  considerable 
  

   spaces 
  on 
  shore, 
  especially 
  in 
  the 
  old 
  plantations. 
  These 
  open 
  spaces 
  or 
  grazing 
  

   grounds 
  are 
  sometimes 
  two 
  miles 
  or 
  more 
  inland, 
  with 
  hard 
  beaten 
  trails 
  leading 
  

   to 
  landing 
  places 
  on 
  shore. 
  They 
  are 
  also 
  favoured 
  haunts 
  of 
  situtunga 
  on 
  the 
  

   islands 
  and 
  of 
  bush-buck 
  on 
  the 
  mainland, 
  and 
  since 
  they 
  are 
  usually 
  in 
  localities 
  

   where 
  the 
  soil 
  is 
  fertile, 
  they 
  are 
  generally 
  banked 
  about 
  with 
  thickly 
  massed 
  

   vegetation 
  which 
  affords 
  ideal 
  shelter 
  for 
  tsetse. 
  Many 
  points 
  along 
  shore, 
  or 
  inland 
  

   on 
  the 
  islands 
  overrun 
  with 
  pig, 
  situtunga 
  or 
  Varanus, 
  are 
  thus 
  made 
  attractive 
  

   to 
  tsetse, 
  which 
  would 
  otherwise 
  be 
  covered 
  with 
  vegetation 
  of 
  an 
  unattractive 
  or 
  

   positively 
  repulsive 
  type. 
  

  

  Bush-buck. 
  

  

  Bush-buck 
  is 
  common 
  nearly 
  everywhere 
  along 
  the 
  mainland 
  shore 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  

   sudd-bound 
  islands 
  of 
  Bunjako 
  and 
  Binga. 
  It 
  is 
  by 
  its 
  habits 
  and 
  habitat 
  much 
  

   less 
  suitable 
  than 
  the 
  situtunga 
  as 
  a 
  host 
  for 
  tsetse, 
  for 
  its 
  best 
  natural 
  protection 
  

   is 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  thick 
  tangles 
  of 
  shrubbery 
  and 
  vines 
  that 
  grow 
  in 
  dry 
  and 
  rocky 
  

   places 
  where 
  sylvan 
  or 
  jungly 
  vegetation 
  will 
  not 
  flourish. 
  

  

  