﻿INVESTIGATIONS 
  INTO 
  THE 
  BIONOMICS 
  OF 
  GLOSSINA 
  PALPALIS. 
  417 
  

  

  exposed 
  to 
  the 
  sun.* 
  The 
  same 
  animals 
  return 
  daily 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  places, 
  and 
  n 
  moving 
  

   about 
  break 
  up 
  and 
  pack 
  down 
  dead 
  stems, 
  twigs, 
  foliage, 
  etc., 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  finely 
  broken, 
  

   firm- 
  surfaced 
  mass 
  of 
  debris, 
  right 
  at 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  low 
  overhanging 
  shelter. 
  The 
  result 
  

   is 
  excellent 
  breeding 
  ground 
  for 
  fly, 
  definitely 
  associated 
  with 
  perhaps 
  its 
  most 
  

   favoured 
  host, 
  and 
  very 
  many 
  puparia 
  have 
  frequently 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  such 
  spot^. 
  

   Some 
  of 
  the 
  finds 
  made 
  under 
  these 
  conditions 
  are 
  cited 
  in 
  the 
  accompanying 
  Table. 
  

   These 
  breeding 
  grounds 
  in 
  vegetable 
  debris 
  are 
  so 
  few 
  and 
  restricted 
  in 
  extent 
  

   as 
  compared 
  with 
  those 
  in 
  beach 
  sand 
  or 
  gravel 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  for 
  a 
  time 
  believed 
  that 
  

   they 
  play 
  no 
  part 
  of 
  measurable 
  importance 
  in 
  the 
  bionomics 
  of 
  Glossina. 
  Later 
  

   on, 
  as 
  recounted 
  in 
  Sect. 
  YII 
  (c) 
  following, 
  it 
  was 
  concluded 
  that 
  they 
  may 
  play 
  a 
  

   part 
  of 
  considerable 
  importance 
  locally, 
  or 
  under 
  rather 
  unusual 
  conditions 
  — 
  unusual, 
  

   that 
  is, 
  for 
  this 
  particular 
  region. 
  

  

  VII 
  (c). 
  Observations 
  ©n 
  Breeding 
  Groups 
  ?©usid 
  at 
  a 
  Distance 
  from 
  the 
  

   Lake 
  Shore, 
  

   Many 
  small, 
  but 
  very 
  few 
  large 
  finds 
  of 
  puparia 
  have 
  been 
  made 
  at 
  points 
  above 
  

   the 
  old 
  beach 
  line 
  of 
  1906. 
  The 
  following 
  are 
  the 
  more 
  conspicuous 
  cases. 
  

  

  Bugalla 
  Island, 
  February 
  1915. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  bay 
  side 
  of 
  Lutoboka 
  peninsula, 
  Bugalla 
  (Sesse) 
  Island, 
  is 
  a 
  reach 
  of 
  

   some 
  2,000 
  yards 
  of 
  very 
  old 
  beach 
  line, 
  about 
  100 
  to 
  200 
  yards 
  back 
  from 
  the 
  

   beach 
  line 
  of 
  1906. 
  The 
  intervening 
  space 
  is 
  open 
  grass' 
  land, 
  the 
  soil 
  being 
  very 
  

   light 
  and 
  sandy. 
  The 
  forest 
  rises 
  abruptly 
  behind 
  the 
  very 
  old 
  beach 
  line, 
  and 
  

   continues 
  unbroken 
  to 
  the 
  shore 
  on 
  the 
  lake 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  peninsula. 
  The 
  infestation 
  

   along 
  the 
  present 
  shore 
  is 
  heavy 
  on 
  the 
  lake 
  side 
  and 
  low 
  on 
  the 
  bay 
  side. 
  The 
  

   infestation 
  in 
  the 
  forest 
  along 
  the 
  old 
  beach 
  line 
  is 
  heavy, 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  great 
  numbers 
  

   of 
  situtunga. 
  

  

  At 
  certain 
  points 
  along 
  this 
  old 
  beach 
  line 
  in 
  the 
  border 
  of 
  the 
  forest, 
  where 
  

   the 
  vegetation 
  is 
  dense, 
  the 
  antelope 
  have 
  made 
  sunning 
  places 
  for 
  themselves 
  

   by 
  preventing 
  new 
  growth 
  from 
  springing 
  up 
  in 
  openings 
  left 
  by 
  falling 
  trees. 
  Two 
  

   such 
  points 
  were 
  found, 
  near 
  together, 
  about 
  200 
  yards 
  from 
  the 
  foreshore 
  on 
  the 
  

   bay 
  side 
  and 
  400 
  yards 
  from 
  the 
  shore 
  on 
  the 
  lake 
  side. 
  The 
  infestation 
  was 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  Male 
  Density. 
  Female 
  Percentage. 
  

   At 
  shore 
  on 
  lake 
  side 
  . 
  . 
  . 
  . 
  24*6 
  15*8 
  

  

  „ 
  ,, 
  bay 
  side 
  . 
  . 
  . 
  . 
  4*7 
  58*8 
  

  

  At 
  sunning 
  spots 
  of 
  antelopes 
  25*0 
  16*6 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  sunning 
  spots 
  the 
  sandy 
  soil 
  was 
  laid 
  bare 
  by 
  the 
  hoofs 
  of 
  the 
  antelope, 
  

   and 
  was 
  fine 
  and 
  dry. 
  There 
  were 
  a 
  few 
  bits 
  of 
  it 
  shaded 
  by 
  tangles 
  of 
  dead 
  vines 
  ? 
  

   by 
  fallen 
  logs, 
  or 
  by 
  tufted 
  vegetation 
  of 
  sorts 
  repugnant 
  to 
  the 
  animals, 
  and 
  puparia 
  

   were 
  found 
  in 
  large 
  numbers. 
  Exact 
  counts 
  were 
  not 
  made, 
  but 
  it 
  was 
  noted 
  that 
  

   the 
  breeding 
  places 
  were 
  as 
  attractive 
  and 
  as 
  safe 
  as 
  any 
  along 
  the 
  shore, 
  and 
  that 
  

   the 
  deposits 
  of 
  puparia 
  were 
  larger 
  than 
  could 
  be 
  found 
  at 
  any 
  point 
  along 
  the 
  shore. 
  

  

  * 
  It 
  is 
  perhaps 
  worth 
  noting 
  that 
  both 
  crocodile 
  and 
  Varanus 
  like 
  best 
  to 
  bask, 
  not 
  

   in 
  the 
  full 
  sun, 
  but 
  with 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  shaded. 
  The 
  reason 
  was 
  learned 
  through 
  

   use 
  of 
  tethered 
  Varanus 
  in 
  feeding 
  experiments. 
  It 
  was 
  found 
  that 
  an 
  hour 
  or 
  two 
  of 
  

   exposure 
  to 
  the 
  full 
  effects 
  of 
  the 
  sun 
  would 
  kill 
  the 
  cold-blooded 
  reptile 
  — 
  more 
  

   quickly 
  by 
  far 
  than 
  similar 
  exposure 
  would 
  kill 
  a 
  warm-blooded 
  animal. 
  Varanus 
  

   at 
  least 
  (and 
  probably 
  crocodile) 
  is 
  more 
  susceptible 
  to 
  " 
  sun-stroke 
  " 
  than 
  man. 
  

  

  