﻿INVESTIGATIONS 
  INTO 
  THE 
  BIONOMICS 
  OF 
  GLOSSINA 
  PALPALIS. 
  433 
  

  

  But 
  shelter 
  was 
  growing 
  — 
  or 
  seemed 
  to 
  be 
  growing 
  — 
  more 
  massive 
  with, 
  each 
  

   year 
  that 
  passed. 
  It 
  seemed 
  altogether 
  probable 
  that 
  in 
  another 
  year 
  it 
  would 
  become 
  

   sufficient 
  to 
  protect 
  Glossina 
  adequately, 
  and 
  at 
  point 
  4 
  the 
  embryo 
  of 
  a 
  future 
  

   colony 
  appeared 
  actually 
  to 
  exist. 
  Despite 
  the 
  small 
  size 
  of 
  it, 
  it 
  seemed 
  to 
  represent 
  

   a 
  real 
  independent 
  colony, 
  that 
  would 
  grow, 
  as 
  its 
  protection 
  grew, 
  to 
  become 
  in 
  a 
  

   few 
  years 
  just 
  such 
  a 
  colony 
  as 
  occurs 
  in 
  the 
  Bukakata 
  district. 
  The 
  conditions 
  of 
  life 
  

   were 
  almost 
  identically 
  the 
  same 
  in 
  the 
  two 
  localities, 
  except 
  that 
  along 
  the 
  reach 
  of 
  

   shore 
  in 
  the 
  Bukakata 
  district 
  the 
  vegetation 
  was 
  a 
  few 
  degrees 
  more 
  massive, 
  

   and 
  afforded 
  that 
  much 
  better 
  protection. 
  The 
  difference 
  cannot 
  be 
  described, 
  

   and 
  would 
  be 
  difficult 
  to 
  measure, 
  but 
  it 
  represents 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  distinction 
  between 
  

   shelter 
  that 
  is 
  adequate 
  and 
  shelter 
  that 
  is 
  not 
  adequate 
  to 
  protect 
  the 
  fly. 
  

  

  The 
  main 
  point 
  is 
  that 
  light, 
  low 
  shelter, 
  of 
  the 
  type 
  that 
  is 
  most 
  attractive 
  to 
  the 
  

   active 
  flies, 
  and 
  that 
  is 
  most 
  certainly 
  to 
  be 
  associated 
  in 
  the 
  mind 
  of 
  the 
  casual 
  

   observer 
  with 
  the 
  fly, 
  is 
  entirely 
  insufficient 
  to 
  afford 
  the 
  species 
  the 
  protection 
  

   it 
  requires. 
  Massive 
  or 
  forest-like 
  shelter 
  must 
  be 
  had. 
  It 
  may 
  not 
  exist 
  within 
  

   several 
  thousand 
  yards 
  of 
  a 
  point 
  where 
  fly 
  occurs, 
  seemingly 
  well 
  satisfied 
  with 
  its 
  

   environment, 
  but 
  in 
  such 
  cases 
  it 
  •will 
  certainly 
  be 
  possible 
  to 
  trace 
  the 
  source 
  of 
  

   infestation 
  to 
  centres 
  located 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  forest 
  growth. 
  

  

  It 
  may 
  be 
  added 
  that 
  a 
  cliff 
  overgrown 
  with 
  vines 
  and 
  shrubbery 
  has 
  been 
  observed 
  

   to 
  serve 
  as 
  massive 
  shelter. 
  

  

  Reference 
  back 
  to 
  figure 
  3 
  (p. 
  371) 
  will 
  show 
  again 
  the 
  effect 
  of 
  absence 
  of 
  massive 
  

   shelter 
  on 
  density. 
  

  

  At 
  points 
  40, 
  41, 
  45 
  and 
  46 
  massive 
  shelter 
  was 
  good 
  but 
  light 
  shelter 
  absent 
  

  

  or 
  lacking. 
  

   At 
  point 
  43 
  light 
  shelter 
  was 
  good 
  but 
  massive 
  shelter 
  lacking. 
  

   At 
  points 
  42 
  and 
  44 
  the 
  light 
  and 
  massive 
  shelter 
  were 
  in 
  juxtaposition, 
  and 
  

  

  here 
  were 
  the 
  centres 
  of 
  greatest 
  concentration 
  of 
  fly. 
  

  

  VIII 
  (c). 
  Occurrence 
  of 
  Glossina 
  palpalis 
  behind 
  Papyrus 
  or 
  Sudch 
  

  

  At 
  many 
  points 
  on 
  islands 
  and 
  mainland 
  narrow 
  belts 
  of 
  floating 
  vegetation 
  

   (usually 
  papyrus) 
  have 
  formed 
  along 
  sheltered 
  reaches 
  of 
  shore 
  which 
  appear 
  to 
  

   have 
  been 
  open 
  in 
  1906 
  — 
  or 
  if 
  not 
  then, 
  very 
  recently. 
  The 
  old 
  beach 
  line 
  of 
  1906, 
  

   not 
  infrequently 
  with 
  good 
  breeding 
  grounds, 
  lies 
  behind 
  the 
  sudd 
  belt, 
  which 
  is 
  

   traversed 
  by 
  passage 
  ways 
  kept 
  open 
  by 
  hippo 
  and 
  crocodile. 
  The 
  crocodiles 
  land 
  

   and 
  sometimes 
  breed 
  in 
  these 
  places, 
  which 
  retain 
  much 
  of 
  their 
  original 
  character. 
  

   Fly 
  is 
  commonly 
  found, 
  and 
  in 
  considerable 
  density, 
  in 
  such 
  situations. 
  It 
  would 
  

   be 
  strange 
  if 
  it 
  were 
  not. 
  

  

  Much 
  of 
  the 
  shore 
  of 
  the 
  lake, 
  especially 
  in 
  the 
  large 
  sheltered 
  bays 
  and 
  channels 
  

   in 
  the 
  north-western 
  limb 
  of 
  it, 
  is 
  permanently 
  bound 
  by 
  much 
  older 
  fields 
  and 
  banks 
  

   of 
  sudd. 
  Inside 
  of 
  these 
  the 
  shore 
  line 
  has 
  changed 
  from 
  its 
  original 
  character 
  to 
  

   resemble 
  the 
  border 
  of 
  a 
  marsh. 
  Sand 
  and 
  gravel 
  beaches, 
  where 
  they 
  existed, 
  have 
  

   usually 
  been 
  buried 
  beneath 
  humus 
  or 
  are 
  densely 
  overgrown 
  with 
  vegetation. 
  

  

  In 
  July 
  and 
  August 
  1915 
  special 
  effort 
  was 
  made 
  to 
  discover 
  if 
  fly 
  were 
  bred 
  under 
  

   these 
  conditions. 
  The 
  following 
  surveys 
  were 
  made. 
  

  

  