﻿INVESTIGATIONS 
  INTO 
  THE 
  BIONOMICS 
  OF 
  GLOSSINA 
  PALPALIS. 
  443 
  

  

  First 
  and 
  last, 
  a 
  considerable 
  number 
  of 
  experiments 
  were 
  made 
  in 
  the 
  planting 
  

   of 
  pup 
  aria 
  in 
  localities 
  where 
  none 
  could 
  be 
  found, 
  but 
  where 
  it 
  was 
  conceived 
  they 
  

   might 
  be 
  deposited 
  by 
  females 
  which 
  could 
  find 
  no 
  safe 
  and 
  attractive 
  breeding 
  

   places. 
  These 
  experiments 
  proved 
  that 
  certain 
  places 
  — 
  notably 
  tufts 
  of 
  a 
  certain 
  

   species 
  of 
  grass 
  — 
  would 
  afford 
  adequate 
  protection 
  to 
  the 
  puparia 
  if 
  the 
  flies 
  had 
  the 
  

   prescience 
  to 
  select 
  them. 
  They 
  also 
  proved 
  that 
  in 
  many 
  places 
  which 
  the 
  flies 
  

   might 
  conceivably 
  select 
  in 
  lieu 
  of 
  better, 
  the 
  puparia 
  would 
  almost 
  certainly 
  be 
  

   destroyed. 
  

  

  It 
  was 
  concluded 
  rather 
  definitely 
  that 
  the 
  fly 
  would 
  be 
  exterminated 
  by 
  the 
  

   predatory 
  destructors 
  of 
  puparia 
  if 
  the 
  females 
  were 
  to 
  deposit 
  their 
  young 
  in 
  the 
  

   massive 
  shelter 
  — 
  i.e., 
  in 
  forest 
  or 
  forest-like 
  shelter 
  — 
  which 
  they 
  require 
  as 
  protection 
  

   for 
  themselves. 
  It 
  is 
  most 
  especially 
  in 
  such 
  places, 
  where 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  soil 
  

   is 
  covered 
  with 
  dead 
  leaves 
  and 
  leaf-mould, 
  that 
  the 
  puparia 
  are 
  found 
  and 
  destroyed 
  

   by 
  predators. 
  

  

  IX 
  (d). 
  Inanimate 
  Destructive 
  Factors. 
  

  

  (1). 
  Sun. 
  

  

  There 
  are 
  very 
  few 
  insects 
  which 
  can 
  withstand 
  for 
  long 
  full 
  exposure 
  to 
  sun, 
  

   and 
  Glossina 
  is 
  no 
  exception. 
  Flies 
  have 
  been 
  inadvertently 
  killed 
  through 
  less 
  than 
  

   half 
  an 
  hour's 
  exposure 
  of 
  the 
  cage 
  in 
  which 
  they 
  were 
  confined. 
  The 
  cage 
  rested 
  

   on 
  sun-baked 
  earth, 
  however, 
  and 
  if 
  unconfined 
  the 
  flies 
  could 
  probably 
  have 
  lived 
  

   much 
  longer. 
  But 
  shade, 
  and 
  of 
  a 
  substantial 
  sort, 
  is 
  requisite 
  during 
  the 
  heat 
  

   of 
  the 
  day, 
  and 
  flies 
  cannot 
  be 
  tempted 
  far 
  from 
  it 
  when 
  the 
  sun 
  is 
  at 
  maximum 
  

   power. 
  

  

  Sun 
  striking 
  on 
  soil 
  in 
  which 
  puparia 
  are 
  buried 
  no 
  more 
  deeply 
  than 
  the 
  larvae 
  

   naturally 
  penetrate 
  — 
  rarely 
  more 
  than 
  1J 
  or 
  2 
  inches 
  — 
  will 
  destroy 
  them 
  quickly. 
  

  

  It 
  not 
  infrequently 
  happens 
  that 
  a 
  week 
  or 
  a 
  fortnight 
  of 
  dry 
  weather 
  will 
  

   destroy 
  — 
  or 
  at 
  least 
  cause 
  to 
  droop 
  and 
  wither 
  — 
  herbaceous 
  vegetation 
  that 
  

   previously 
  afforded 
  attractive 
  and 
  adequate 
  shade 
  for 
  breeding 
  grounds, 
  and 
  great 
  

   numbers 
  of 
  puparia, 
  in 
  the 
  aggregate, 
  are 
  destroyed 
  by 
  drought 
  and 
  sun 
  in 
  this 
  

   manner. 
  The 
  most 
  curious 
  case 
  was 
  encountered 
  on 
  Tavu 
  Island 
  in 
  September 
  1915. 
  

   Very 
  attractive 
  breeding 
  grounds, 
  adequately 
  protected 
  by 
  shrubs 
  of 
  a 
  sort 
  known 
  

   to 
  the 
  natives 
  as 
  " 
  Kinsembwe," 
  had 
  been 
  exposed 
  by 
  the 
  activities 
  of 
  a 
  defoliating 
  

   caterpillar 
  (a 
  species 
  of 
  Acraea) 
  and 
  quite 
  extraordinary 
  numbers 
  of 
  puparia 
  were 
  

   destroyed. 
  Game 
  breaking 
  down 
  vegetation 
  at 
  breeding 
  grounds 
  on 
  Bugalla 
  

   Island 
  produced 
  the 
  same 
  effect 
  on 
  a 
  smaller 
  scale. 
  

  

  All 
  things 
  considered 
  the 
  sun 
  must 
  be 
  regarded 
  as 
  the 
  most 
  destructive 
  — 
  potentially 
  

   — 
  of 
  any 
  " 
  enemy 
  " 
  of 
  Glossina 
  palpalis 
  and 
  the 
  one 
  against 
  which 
  protection 
  is 
  

   most 
  urgently 
  required. 
  

  

  (2). 
  Storms. 
  

  

  Light 
  shelter 
  is 
  sufficient 
  protection 
  against 
  sun, 
  for 
  both 
  pupae 
  and 
  adults. 
  

   Massive 
  shelter 
  is 
  nevertheless 
  certainly 
  necessary 
  to 
  the 
  species, 
  and 
  the 
  one 
  

   destructive 
  agency 
  against 
  which 
  it 
  is 
  obviously 
  of 
  much 
  greater 
  protection 
  than 
  

   light 
  shelter 
  is 
  storms. 
  

  

  (659) 
  a 
  

  

  