10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOOI [Bull. 137 



Counting from the north, the Carolinian area is that in \^ch the sassafras, 

 tulip tree, hacliberry, sycamore, sweet gum, rose magnolia, u bud, persimmon, 

 and short-leaf pine first make their appearance, together withtie opossum, gray 

 fox, fox squirrel, cardinal bird, Carolina wren, tufted tit, gncatcher, summer 

 tanager, and yellow-breasted chat. Chestnuts, hickory nut hazelnuts, and 

 walnuts grow wild in abundance. (Merriam, 1898, p. 31.) 



[In the Austroriparian Area] the long leaf and loblolly pin, magnolia, and 

 live oak are common on the uplands ; the bald cypress, tupeloind cane in the 

 swamps. Here the mocking bird, painted bunting, prothonotjy warbler, red- 

 CGckaded woodpecker, chuck-wills-widow, and the swallow-taiand Mississippi 

 kites are characteristic birds, and the southern fox squirrel, otton rat, rice- 

 field rat, wood rat, and free-tailed bat are common mammals. Merriam, 1898, 

 p. 45.) 



[Tropical Aj : nong the tropical trees that grow in sithern Florida 

 are the royal tains Jamaica dogwood, manchineel, mahogany, nd mangrove; 

 and among the birds are the caracara eagle, white-crowned Igeon, zenaida 

 dove, a Bahama vireo, and the Bahama honey creeper. The abaice of charac- 

 teristic tropical mammals and the relatively small number of bpical birds in 

 Florida is due to the lack of land connection with other tropica areas. (Mer- 

 riam, 1898, p. 52.) 



CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOUTHEASTERN TRIES 



A natural classification of peoples would be based uponheir physi- 

 cal characters, but such a classification is impossible at'he present 

 time as applied to the area under consideration and woulcbe imprac- 

 ticable in a treatise like the present, which deals mainlywith ques- 

 tions of culture. Therefore, the classification which has ben adopted 

 and which is given in table 1 (opposite) is based merely upn linguis- 

 tic and political considerations. In this table the Muskhojcan, Tuni- 

 can, and Uchean (or Yuchean) stocks are given entire, bu only such 

 tribes of the Siouan, Iroquoian, Caddoan, and Algonquian -amilies as 

 lived within the Southeastern province. 



In its more limited sense, the Southeastern cultural province 

 included the Muskhogean tribes with their recently annsed Nat- 

 chez and Timucua divisions, the Cherokee, the Tunica aid Chiti- 

 macha groups, and the Caddo. The tidewater tribes of Virginia and 

 North Carolina, although stimulated by the culture of tiose just 

 mentioned, had developed a somewhat independent pattern with an 

 economy in which fishing, trading, and the possession of Droperty 

 had assumed more important positions, and the temples a lifferent 

 shape and character. The Siouan tribes which lay betwein these 

 two areas seem to have been on a lower level (Speck, 1938) and the 

 same may be said of the southern Florida Indians, and the [ndians 

 west of the Chitimacha and Caddo. These last, indeed, were mtirely 

 marginal to Southeastern culture and should hardly be considered 

 as participants in it. The Siouan Quapaw and Algonquian Sliawnee, 

 although on a higher level than the central Texas tribes, were also 



